Transcript The Crises of the Late Middle Ages 1300-1450

The Crises of the Late Middle Ages
1300-1450
9/3/13
The Crises of the Late Middle Ages
• Key Terms
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Great Famine
Black Death
bubo
flagellants
Agincourt
Joan of Arc
representative
assemblies
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nationalism
Babylonian Captivity
Great Schism
conciliarists
confraternities
The Imitation of Christ
peasant revolts
Jacquerie
Statute of Kilkenny
vernacular
Feudalistic Society
• Decentralized social
system dividing people
into hierarchical groups
• Hierarchy of Feudalism
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Kings
Lords
Vassals
Knights
Serfs
Kings
Lords
Knights
Serfs
Decentralized Government VS
Centralized Government
Centralized Government USA
• People give power to ONE
government
• Private citizens own
resources
• People give the government
power to protect them by
obeying laws
Decentralized Feudal France
• Small rulers control pieces
of land (estates)
• Land is owned by lords
• Lords provide protection for
labor and goods
Centralized vs Decentralized
Government
Central Government Derives
Power from People
Decentralized Feudal France
Fights Itself for Land and Power
King
U
• Executive
Branch
Lord
Vassal
S
Lord
Vassal
Vassal
• Legislative
Branch
King
Lord
King
A
• Judicial
Branch
Lord
Vassal
Vassal
Lord
Vassal
Vassal
Vassal
Lord
Vassal
What does Feudalism demand?
• Expansion
• Agrarian Society (Farming)
• Decentralization in states
* Church is the ONLY centralizing force in
Europe.
Prelude to Disaster
• What were the demographic and economic
consequences of climate change?
– Climate Change and Famine
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1300-1450 “Little Ice Age”
Ruined harvests
Decreased nutrition poor health
Consequences: depopulation, volatile land market, and
unstable international trade
– Government Ineptitude
• Ineffective price controls
• Starving populace scapegoated and attacked
• Jews, lepers, and the wealthy
The Plague Strikes Europe
The Black Plague: Effects on Europe
• How did the spread of the plague shape European society?
– Arrival in Europe
• Genoese ships brought plague to Italy in 1347
– Pathology
• Fleas on (usually) black rats carried plague bacillus
• Poor sanitation spread plague
• Appearance of one boil, then bleeding under the skin, vomiting of
blood, then death (Approx 3 days)
• Medieval doctors could do nothing
– Spread of the Disease
• Black rats stayed in cities, plague stayed in cities
• England lost approx. 1/3 population, Italian cities lost more than half
• Plague eventually spread to Eastern Europe, Balkans, Russia
The Black Plague: Effects on Europe
– Care
• Doctors could ease pain
• Thought caused by poison
air
• Fought with strong
smelling substances
• Wealthy fled to countryside
– Thousands of Jews killed
by people looking for
scapegoat
• Hospitals acted as refuges
for sick
• Belief that plague was G-d’s
anger
The Black Plague: Effects on Europe
– Social, Economic, and Cultural Consequences
• Priests suffered high mortality rates from tending to sick
• Emergency church measures like laymen administering
extreme unction (sacrament) Medieval agrarian economy
highly resilient
• Guilds accepted new members
• Caused inflation
• Pessimism, religious fanaticism, suspicion of pilgrims &
travelers, and diminished funeral rites
• New colleges created due to priest shortage
• Ultimately led to the Reformation by devastating
populations and the Church
Simplified Soc-Econ-Cult
Consequences
• Social
– “Good” priests died
– New colleges to produce more priest spread education
• Cultural
– Increased participation of laymen
– Religious fanaticism and pilgrimages
• Economic
– Guilds accepted new members, women
– Inflation
The Hundred Years’ War
1337-1453
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War,
and how did the war affect European politics,
economics, and cultural life?
– Causes
• 1328, French denied English King Edward III to throne, chose
Philip VI of French Valois family instead (Plantagenet vs
Valois)
• 1337 Philip VI conquered Edward III’s Aquitaine
• Split French society into Pro-Valois and Pro-Edward III,
barons benefited from decentralization
• Economic tension between wool trade, control of Flemish
towns escalated conflict
Hundred Years’ War Map
The Hundred Years’ War
– The Popular Response
• Both English and French
kings used priests to
spark patriotism
• War was opportunity for
poor knights to plunder
land
The Hundred Years’ War
– The Course of the War to
1419
• England ahead early due to
longbow
• Crecy (1346), Poitiers
(1356) and Agincourt
(1415) examples of
longbow victories
– Joan of Arc and France’s
Victory
• 1429 peasant girl was
instrumental to French
victory
• 1453, England only
maintained control of the
port of Calais in France
Battle of Agincourt
Jeanne d’ Arc
"I was thirteen when I had a Voice from God
for my help and guidance. The first time that I
heard this Voice, I was very much frightened; it
was mid-day, in the summer, in my father's
garden. ” - Joan of Arc from her trial
transcript.
The Hundred Years’ War: Conclusion
– Costs and Consequences
• Local social
deterioration of
England due to Sheriffs
serving in military
• King Edward III had to
negotiate for money
from barons,
strengthening
Parliament
• Growth of nationalism
in both countries
Nationalism
English
Parliament
English Civil
Peace
Challenges to the Church
What challenges faced the Christian Church in the fourteenth
century, and how did church leaders, intellectuals, and
ordinary people respond?
• The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
– Philip the Fair (Philip IV or Philip of Navarre I) coerced
Pope Clement V to stay in Avignon
– 1309-1376 popes stayed in Avignon, France controlled
by French monarchy
– Urban VI returned to Rome with an anti-corruption
agenda
Challenges to the Church
• Some Cardinals
returned to France in
response to Urban’s
agenda and chose a
new pope.
• Pope Clement VII
resided in Avignon
• Kings supported
different popes for
political reasons
1. Pope Clement V moves to
Avignon, France (1309)
2. Pope Urban VI moves back
to Rome (1376)
3. Corrupt Cardinals ditch
Urban VI to move back to
Avignon, France and select
NEW Pope Clement VII
The Great Schism
Relationship Between Power and
Legitimacy of Church
State
Church
Challenges to the Church
– The Conciliar Movement
• Prior to the schism, Marsiglio (rector of University of
Paris) argued for Pope to be inferior to higher council
• English scholar John Wyclif (1330-1384) argued against
scriptural support for pope and advocated that people
read Bible for themselves
• Cardinals of Avignon and Rome called Council of Pisa
(1409) deposing both Urban VI and Clement VII,
electing a third “true” pope
• Did that fix the problem?
Challenges to the Church
• Third Pope was challenged by
BOTH the Avignon and Roman
Pope and there were now
THREE popes
• 1414-1418 council at
Constance organized by
German Emperor Sigismund
elected a final new pope and
burned Jan Hus at the stake
First Church Reformer
Economic and Social Change
How did economic and social tensions contribute to
revolts, crime, violence, and a growing sense of ethnic
and national distinctions?
– Peasant Revolts
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Uprisings in Flanders (1323-1328) first mass
movement of fourteenth century
Caused by heavy indemnities on peasants
Peasants were crushed by French in 1328
Famine, plague, and high taxes during Hundred Years’
War caused Jacquerie rebellion
Peasant Revolts
Torture of gentry by peasants
Defeat of the Jacquerie
Economic and Social Change
– Urban Conflicts
• Late fourteenth century
rebellions in Florence,
Spain, and German
cities (HRE)
• Caused by changing
conditions of work,
economic issues, and
honor
• Honor was tied to
journeymen’s guilds
Economic and Social Change
– Sex in the City
• Later marriage for women, especially poor urban and
peasant women
• Men of all classes married older
• Urban unrest caused by strict marriage rules
• Cities hosted brothels
• Single women were victims of unwanted sexual contact
• Rise in hostility of same-sex relationships (although
women’s same-sex relationships were unnoticed by
society)
Economic and Social Change
– Ethnic Tensions and
Restrictions
• Early colonization saw
colonizers maintain
their own laws while
natives maintained
own laws (except with
England and Ireland)
• 14th century saw
regulations, laws, and
customs discriminate
on “blood descent”
against Slavs, Irish,
and Moors
Economic and Social Change
– Literacy and Vernacular Culture
• Beginning in the early 14th century, writers began to
write in own vernacular (language)
• Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer of London,
England
• Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri of Florence
• Literacy rates rose reflecting (1) social complexity, (2)
growth of commerce, and (3) expanding government
bureaucracy
Chaucer and Dante
Crises of the Late Middle Ages
Decline of Feudalism
Black
Death
100
Years’
War
Great
Schism
Consequences of the Crises
-Decreased Population in Europe
- Decreased Legitimacy of the Church
- Increase of Urban Merchant Class
-Increased Nationalism
-Increased French King’s Power
-Decreased English King’s Power
-Decreased Legitimacy of the Church
-Increased States’ Power over Church
-Increased Church Reform Ideas
Themes
Church vs
State
•Struggle for
Power
Kings vs
Lords vs
Peasants
•Struggle for
Power