Transcript Memory 2010 - Agajanian-Psychology

Memory Storage
Thru the 3 Basic
Stages
February 5th, 2009
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Objective: Review memory technique
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Review chart (finish it now if you didn’t already!)
Discuss memory techniques
Stations (hopefully we will at least get to start them!)
Do Now:
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RESPOND TO THE QUESTION Do we register every single thing we come into
contact with?
What is sensory Memory?
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Very brief memory storage immediately
following initial stimulation of a receptor
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Iconic (visual)
Echoic (auditory)
This information is only there for a few
seconds before it disappears unless we pay
attention to it. This way we are not
overwhelmed by all the information that we
are constantly bombarded with!
How was this discovered?
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In 1960, George
Sperling studied
memory.
He showed subjects 3
rows of letters each
for 1/20th of a second.
The subjects were
only able to recall
about half of them.
What is Sensory Memory?
(Continued)
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Sperling decided to change things up a
bit.
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Instead of asking the subjects the name
all 9 letters, he had them recall a specific
group of letters by flashing them and
immediately sounding a tone.
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Now the subjects rarely missed a letter!!
What is Sensory Memory?
(Continued)
This experiment displayed that for
a brief instant, all nine letters were
available in the mind for recall.
 This fleeting memory is called
Iconic Memory (visual).
 If the tone was delayed for even a
second, the memory was lost.
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What is short-term memory
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Memory that is limited in capacity to about
seven items and in duration by the subject’s
active rehearsal
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Maintenance rehearsal – repetition without linking
meaning to it
Chunking – breaking into groups to make them
easier to remember
How much info can we hold
in Short-term Memory?
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In 1959, Lloyd and
Margaret Peterson
asked people to
memorize three
letters shown in a
group.
To keep them from
practicing, the
subjects were asked
to count backwards
from 100 by 3’s.
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After about 3 seconds,
the subjects recalled
the letters about half
the time.
After 12 seconds, they
rarely were able to
recall them.
Short-term Memory
(Continued)
This experiment displayed that without
active processing, short-term memory is
very limited.
 Short-term memory is also limited in
capacity.
 It can only hold about 7+ chunks of
information.
“At any given moment, we can consciously
process only a very limited amount of
info.”
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Let’s take a BRAIN BREAK…
• Look at each box and try to decipher the
meaning of each rebus
Try Stand
2
Jobinjob
F
R
U
S
F
R
U
S
F
R
U
S
So, how do we keep this
knowledge from disappearing?
Encoding
• To keep info in our minds, we
will encode it.
• This will be done either through
the content of a sentence or
through imagery.
Types of memory
• Semantic – knowledge of language (rules,
words, meaning)
• Episodic – chronological retention of the
events of one’s life
• Declarative – stored knowledge that can
be called forth consciously as needed
• Procedural Memory- permanent storage of
learned skills that does not require
conscious recollection.
Long-Term Memory
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Our brain has nearly limitless
capabilities to store information.
We only use a small portion of
our brain’s long-term memory.
Mnemonic Device – Memory technique to remember and retrieve
information.
Elaborative rehearsal – linking new information to information
already known
Interference – blockage of memory by new or previous
memories.
Confabulation – filling in memory gaps
Reconstructive processes - changed memories as a result of an
individuals experiences attitudes, inferences
Decay – fading of memories
Another Brain Break… (sort of)
1.
When I forget someone’s name it is because it
only made it in to this type of memory
2. What is the length of a dollar bill?
3. A memory of an event is called a ….
4. How many full moons are there in a year?
5. PEMDAS is an example of …
6. How do we get information into our LTM?
7. About how much can your STM remember?