Memory - Mayfield City Schools
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Transcript Memory - Mayfield City Schools
THREE MEMORY PROCESSES
Encoding – making a mental
representation to be placed into memory
(meaningful association)
Storing – placing encoded information into
permanent storage
Retrieving – getting or recalling information
that has been placed in storage
WHAT DO WE REMEMBER?
Things that
are unusual
involve you
are connected
you can see
interest you
SENSORY MEMORY
Initial sensory
process
Raw form
information from the
senses
Held for a brief
period from an
instant to several
seconds
SENSORY MEMORY
Iconic memory holds
visual information ¼
second
(after image)
Echoic memory holds
auditory for 1-2
seconds
(What? / Repeat)
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Working memory –
holds an average of
7-9 items of
information
usually 2 to 30
seconds
phone numbers,
social security
number
FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
Maintenance rehearsal
–
intentionally repeating or
rehearsing information
remains longer in short –term
memory
○ phone number
FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
Interference – new information enters
short-term memory
pushes out current information
forgetting the phone number
FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
Chunking – combining separate items
into chunks of information
(social security number, combination lock)
PRIMACY vs RECENCY
Primacy – better recall of information
presented at the beginning of a list
more time to rehearse
Middle of the list is forgotten unless the
subject stands out
Recency – better recall of information
presented at the end of a list
in sensory memory
example – going to the store game
LONG-TERM MEMORY
Storing unlimited
amounts of information
over a long period of
time
Transferring
information from shortterm to long-term
memory
DECLARATIVE MEMORY:
EVENTS, FACTS AND STORIES
Semantic – facts, concepts, words,
definitions, language rules (learned in
school)
Episodic – knowledge of events, personal
experiences, places, songs, activities
(episodes)
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
Memories for skills (bike riding, tooth
brushing, driving)
Memories for conditioned fears and
phobias (snakes, spiders)
ENCODING
Automatic Encoding – transferring
information from short-term into long-term
memory with little effort and little awareness
events that hold your interest and attention
Effortful Encoding – working hard to repeat
information and make associations between
new and old information
elaborative rehearsal
PHOTOGRAPHIC MEMORY
Occurs in adults –
ability to form sharp
detailed images
after examining a
picture or page
EIDETIC IMAGERY
Photographic
memory in children
Ability to examine
and remember
details of a picture
Only 5% of children /
lost by adolescence
FLASHBULB MEMORY
Vivid recollections –
detail of dramatic,
emotionally charged
events
Lasting memory
(accidents, romantic
experiences, President
assassinated)
FORGETTING
Repressed Memories – mind pushes a
threatening or traumatic memory into the
unconscious
usually cannot be retrieved
sometimes implanted by therapists
Poor Retrieval Cues – problem with mental
reminders we create to access information
association between new information and already
learned information
RECALL AND RECOGNITION
Recall – retrieving information with no
external cues or choices
EX: fill in the blank on a test
Recognition – retrieving information with
external cues
EX: multiple choice, true-false, matching test
questions
FORGETTING
Amnesia –loss of memory may occur
after a blow to the head, drug use, or
psychological stress
INTERFERENCE
Forget information because related old or
new information blocks or mixes up retrieval
cue
Proactive interference – old information
blocks new information “forward”
Retroactive interference – new information
blocks old information “backward”
RETRIEVAL CUES
Tip of the Tongue
Phenomenon
Unable to recall
information from
memory
recall later in a
different situation
Caused by
interference
STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING
Easier to recall information when you are
in the same physiological state as when
you originally encoded information
Anger – produces angry memories
Sadness – produces sad memories
EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
MISCONCEPTIONS
Juries assume eyewitness testimony to be
accurate
Juries assume confidence as accuracy
Misleading /biased questions by police
Distinguishing among people of other races
Stress of violent crimes over non-violent
crimes
Photos of suspects before reviewing a line-up