Transcript Compounds of Life

Compounds of Life
 Biochemistry- chemical makeup of living
organisms. (carbon-based molecules)
Macromolecules
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
How are macromolecules formed?
 Polymerization- Large compounds are built
by joining smaller ones.
 Monomers- small units
 Monosaccharide
 Polymers- monomers that join together to
form larger units
 Polysaccharide
CARBOHYDRATE
 -
compounds composed of C,H,O
- provides quick energy
- made of connected sugars
- end in –ose. Ex. Glucose,
fructose, lactose, sucrose
Simple Sugar
Monosaccharides- Simple sugar,
small chains providing quick energy.
 Ex. Candy & soda- glucose, fruits
Complex Sugar
long chains of sugar that must be
broken to get energy. Ex. Pasta,
Bread- overnight energy
Starch
 energy storage of plants produced in all
plants.
 (corn, potatoes, carrots)
Cellulose
sugar produced by plants in the
cell walls. Can’t be digested by
some animals. (fiber)
Chitin
tough sugar found in fungi and
exoskeleton of some animals.
Uses of too much carbs:
Damages teeth
Specialized diets for losing
weight
Athletes Carbo-loading (Pasta
Dinners)
Diabetes
Type 1- Juvenile
Type 2- Adult
Protein
 Long Term Energy
 Complex chains of amino acids
 Found in all animal meat- turkey, chicken,
steak, fish, peanut butter, eggs, beans,
nuts
 Monomer is amino acids
 Polymer is polypeptide
Amino Acids- 20, combine to
form protein, aid in chemical
messaging and metabolism.
Amino Acids
 Held together by a peptide bond
 A chain of amino acids is called Polypetide
chain
Function of Proteins
Movement- actin and myosin
Structure- collagen
Transport- hemoglobin
Nutrition- casein
Immunity- antibodies
Digestion- enzymes
Lipids
Store and release energy
(energy reserve)
Saturated fat vs. Unsaturated fat
 Saturated fat has a single bond while unsaturated fats
have a double bond
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Type of bonds:
Consist of SINGLE bond
Consist Of at least 1 DOUBLE bond
Recommended consumption:
Not more than 10% of total calories per day.
Not more than 30% of total calories per day
Health Effects:
Excessive consumption is not good because of
their association with atherosclerosis and heart
diseases.
Unsaturated fats are considered good to eat if
you are watching your cholesterol. Also high in
antioxidants,
Cholesterol:
Saturated fats increase Low Density
Lipoproteins (LDL or bad cholesterol) & Very
Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL's).Sources of
bad cholesterol are foods rich in trans fatty
acids, refined carbohydrates, such as white
sugar, and flour.
Unsaturated fats increase High-Density
Lipoprotein (HDL or good cholesterol) and
decrease Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL or bad
cholesterol). Sources of HDL include onions and
Omega-3 fatty acids like flax oil, fish, foods
rich in fiber like grains.
Commonly found in:
Butter, coconut oil, whole milk, meat, peanut,
butter, margarine, cheese, vegetable oil, fried
foods, & frozen dinners
Avocado, soybean oil, canola oil and olive oil,
sunflower oil, fish oils walnuts, flax, & red
meats
Function of Lipids
 Fats- insulation, long term energy storage stored
as glycogen
 Ex. 1. Saturated- solid
 2. Unsaturated- Liquid
 3. Trans- Chemically modified Liquid into solid
 4. Triglyceride- 3 fatty acids, glycerol,
(monomer) fat in the blood
 5. Omega 3 Fatty Acid- unsaturated fatty acid
found in fish
 Does not make polymers!
Lipids
Waxes- repel water. Ex- plants,
feathers, ear
Oils- long term energy, liquid fat
made by animals and plants
Non-Soluble in water
Non-polar
 Steroids- special carbon ring structures
 Cholesterol- structure of cell membranes
 Sex Hormones- estrogen & testosterone
 Cortico- medical,asthma- reduce
inflammation
 Anabolic- synthetic form of testosterone
2 parts of a lipid
Hydrophilic- water loving, head
region
Hydrophobic- water fearing, tail
region
Phospholipid
Nucleic Acid
Contain hereditary and genetic
information that is passed to
offspring.
2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
(Polymers)
DNA
RNA
2 Functions of nucleic Acid
1.) Heredity
2.) Code for Protein
Sugars found in nucleic acids
Deoxyribose (DNA)
Ribose (RNA)
Four bases of DNA & RNA
DNA
RNA
 Adenine (A)
Adenine (A)
 Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
 Guanine (G)
Guanine (G)
 Cytosine (C)
Cytosine (C)
Nucleotide monomers: Phosphate group, nitrogen base,
and sugar –ribose or deoxyribose