Transcript organic compounds

The Chemistry of Life
Bonds
• Bond is a force that holds atoms together
O
H
H
Covalent bonds
• Force that holds 2 atoms together when
they share electrons
Ionic bonds
• Atoms bond with each other by gaining or
losing electrons in outer shells, opposite
forces attract
– Example: sodium loses an electron to become
stable
chlorine gains an electron and becomes
stable
Compound
• Substance composed of atoms that are
bonded together
• Examples:
• 2 types
– Organic compounds: contain carbon rings or
chains
– Inorganic: don’t have carbon rings or chains
Look at p. 51 fig. 3-1 organic or inorganic
PP: What is a monomer, polymer, and
macromolecule?
Read 1st paragraph on p. 53 and define those
words.
Carbohydrates
“Carbon Water”
• C, H, O
• Always Ratio of 2
Hydrogens to 1
Oxygen CH2O
• Main Role in Body:
– Simple Carbs (Sugars)
• Immediate Energy but
doesn’t last long
– Complex Carbs
(Starches)
• Longer lasting energy
but not immediate
Monosaccharide
“One Sugar”
• Monomer unit of carb
• C6H12O6
• Types:
– Glucose- made by plants
– Fructose-Fruits
• OSE-ending= Oh So
SwEEEt
• Simple Sugar
• Isomer- different
structures but same
chemical formula
Disaccharide
“Two Sugars”
• Two
monosaccharides
linked together
• Types:
– Sucrose- Table Sugar
– Lactose- Milk Sugar
• C12H22O11
• Simple Sugar
Polysaccharide
“Many Sugars”
• 1000s of
monosaccharides
linked
• Complex carb:
provides long
sustaining energy but
must be broken down
first
Types of Polysaccharides
• Starch
– Made by plants for energy storage
– We can get energy by eating these
– Potatoes, Pastas, Breads etc
• Glycogen
– Made by animals for limited energy storage
– Stored in liver and muscle
• Cellulose
– Made by plants for structure
– We cannot digest this for energy: It is fiber
– Leafy veggies, CELLERY, grass
Lipids
• Elements: C, H, O (much
less O)
• Will NOT dissolve in
water
• Main Functions:
– Fats: store energy,
padding, and insulation
– Wax: waterproof, forms
protective layers
– Oil: protects skin, hair,
feathers
Fatty Acid
• Monomer of Lipid
• Saturated Fatty Acid:
Full amount of
Hydrogens
• Unsaturated Fatty
Acid: Missing
hydrogens due to
double bond Carbons
• Head end: hydrophilic
• Tail end : hydrophobic
Common Fats
• Saturated
– Made by animals (lard)
– Solid at room temp
– Made with saturated
Fatty Acids
• Unsaturated
– Made plants- OILS
– Liquid at room temp
– Made with unsat FAs
Other Types of Lipids
• Wax
– Waterproofing agent
– Earwax, candle wax
• Steriods
– Make up hormones like
testosterone
Proteins
• C, H, O, N
• Nitrogen is not in
carbs or lipids
• Types:
– Structural:
• Muscle, hair, enzymes
– Enzymes:
• speed up chemical
reactions
Amino Acids
• Monomer of Proteins
• 20 Different Kinds
• R group is the group
that makes each
amino acid different
Peptide Means protein
• Peptide bond- bond
between two amino
acids
• Dipeptide- two amino
acids linked
• Polypeptide- many
amino acids linked
Nucleic Acids
• 2 types
– DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) in nucleus, in
chromosomes,
molecule of heredity
– RNA (ribonucleic acid)
makes proteins,
ribosomes