Transcript Biochemistry Molecules of Life

 Organic
compound =
compound that contains
carbon
 Except:
◦CO2
◦CO
4 valence electrons . . .
So it can have 4 covalent bonds
◦ Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to
four other atoms, including other carbon
atoms by using single, double and triple
bonds.
◦ Carbon-based molecules have three general
types of structures.
–Straight chain, branched or rings
Chemical Formula:
CH4
CO2
H20
NH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Structural Formula:
Terms
•Macromolecules: The 4 molecules of
life are called macromolecules (large)
– Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids
•Monomer = building blocks
•Polymer = large compound made up
of smaller monomers
They
are the non-hydrocarbon part of the
molecule
They
are clusters of atoms that influence the
properties of the molecules they compose
Hydroxyl Group
-OH
Carboxyl Group
-COOH
Carbonyl Group
-C=O
Amino Group
-NH2
• Contain:
• Function:
C, H, and O
Source of Energy
• Functional
groups:
-OH (hydroxyl)
-C=O (carbonyl)
• Monomer
• Polymer
= Monosaccharide
(simple sugar)
= Disaccharides and
polysaccharides
• simple sugars
• contain C, H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Example:
3 Most
Common
1
2
1
C6H12O6
http://www.insideweightloss.info/blog/diet-tips-%E2%80%93-all-about-sugar/
1. Glucose = fuel for cells
2. Fructose = sweetest
3. Galactose = milk sugar
Isomer=
compounds with the SAME
chemical formula, but
different structural formulas
Example:
glucose, fructose, and galactose are
all isomers of each other . . .
C6H12O6
Is
a double sugar formed when 2
monosaccharides combine in a
dehydration synthesis rxn
3
Types
1. Maltose = glucose + glucose
2. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
3. Lactose = glucose + galactose
Fructose
Is
a complex molecule made of 3 or
more monosaccharides
3
Types
1. starch
= sugar storage in plants
2. glycogen = sugar storage in animals
(in muscles)
3. cellulose = structural component to
plant cells (cell wall)
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
• Contain:
C, H, O, and N
• Function:
1.
2.
Structural component to living
things (helps build muscle mass)
Control cell processes and
reactions (enzymes)
• Monomer
• Polymer
= amino acid
= protein
(folded polypeptide chain)
• Contains 2 functional groups
-NH2 (amino group) and -COOH (carboxyl group)
General amino acid
structure
• R-group = different for each type of amino acid
• There are 20 different amino acids
20 different amino acids:
 Amino acids join by a dehydration synthesis rxn
to form dipeptides and polypeptides
Primary Structure
1. Form a chain of aa
Secondary Structure
2. Twist or fold the chain of aa
(alpha helix or pleated sheet)
Tertiary structure
3. Fold the chain onto itself
(globular subunit)
Quaternary Structure
4. Bring 2 to 4 aa subunits
together
Correct folding is
critical.
If conditions are
not right (temp,
pH), this process
will not take place
or can be reversed
(denaturation) and
proteins cannot
function!
Enzymes are
made of
proteins.
 They help speed
up reactions
and are
UNCHANGED by
the reaction.

Image from: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~wilsonkg/old/gene2005/syllabus_F03_23.jpg
• Contain:
C, H, and O
• Function:
Depends on type
http://www.red-spirit-energy-healing.com/essential-fats.html
• Lipids
are not typical
monomers and polymers
•
Most contain (“monomer”):
Glycerol and
fatty acid
=long hydrocarbon chain
with carboxyl
group attached
--Saturated C are full of H
(no double bonds)
--Unsaturated C are NOT full of H
(double bonds)
Types of Lipids (“polymers”):
1. Triglyceride
STRUCTURE
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
Function
Storage of energy
Types of Lipids (“polymers”):
2. Phospholipid
STRUCTURE
2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group, 1 glycerol
Function
Component of cell membranes
Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm
Types of Lipids (“polymers”):
3. Steroids
STRUCTURE
4 fused rings with functional group attached
Function
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures
f04am/lect02.htm
1. Component of cell membranes (cholesterol)
2. Starting material for sex hormones
• Contain:
C, H, O, N, P
• Function:
1. Store and transmit info to carry out
cell processes and make protein
2. Transmit genetic info from one
generation to the next
• Functional
groups:
None that we discussed
• Monomer
= nucleotide
1.
2.
3.
• Polymer
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
= Nucleic acid
2 types:
1.
DNA
2.
RNA
Image from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dna