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The Chemistry
of Life
Anatomy and Physiology
Hierarchy of Structures
(Ex.)Rattlebox Moth
So, what elements make up
the molecules of life?
The Star
of the Show
Why Study Carbon?
• _______________________
• Cells are:
– ~72% __________
– ~25% ________________________________
•
•
•
•
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
– ~3% __________________________
• Na, Cl, K…
• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
• Carbon atoms are versatile building blocks
H
H C H
H
– Forms___________________________________
________________________________________
– Can_____________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
– Can_____________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– ____________________________________
Valence electrons – are the electrons
in the outermost shell of an atom.
Valence – refers to the number of covalent bonds
an atom of an element can form:
C is __
H is ___
O is ___
N is ___
Macromolecules
are the compounds of life
Macro- ____________________
• carbon framework (organic)
• they are polymers made of repeating
subunits called monomers like
“____________________________________
_____________________________________
– poly means ____________________________
– meros means __________________________
– mono means ___________________________
4 types of Macromolecules
and our body gets them/builds them from food and water
• ___________________
• __________________
• ___________________
• ______________________
Carbohydrates are polysacharrides
These are all SUGARS
Monomers (subunits)
Glucose – simple
sugar made by plants
during photosynthesis
– Simple sugars = __________________________
FUNCTIONS
1) __________________________
a) ________________ in plants
b) ________________ in animals
2) _____________________ such as
1) ________________ (plant cell walls)
2) _________________(exoskeleton of insects)
CH2OH
Simple & complex sugars
• _________________________
– simple 1 monomer sugars
– glucose
• __________________________
– 2 monomers
– sucrose
• __________________________
– large polymers
– starch
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
H
OH
Some Carbohydrates
(polymer “necklaces” made of monomer glucose “pearls”)
Proteins
• Monomer subunits
– _______________________= ___
– There are _________
Here are a few of many, many functions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
• Structure
Proteins
– monomer = amino acids
• 20 different amino acids
– polymer = polypeptide
• protein can be one or more polypeptide chains
folded & bonded together
• large & complex 3D molecules
hemoglobin
growth
hormones
Nucleic Acids - information molecules
Monomer subunits
• _______________________
• Function
Examples
1.
2.
Nucleotides have three parts:
a phosphate, sugar, and a base
(A, G, C, T, or U)
Nucleic Acids
• Function:
– genetic material
• stores information
DNA
• transfers information
proteins
Lipids
• Lipids are composed of C, H, O
• “Family groups”
• Do not form polymers
Lipids
- all have hydrophobic properties “water fearing”
Functions / examples:
1)
2)
3)
Saturated Fats
• All
____________________________________
____________________________________
• ___ ______ double bonds.
Unsaturated Fats
• _________________________________
________________________
– plant & fish fats
– vegetable oils
– liquid at room temperature
mono-unsaturated?
poly-unsaturated?
saturated vs. unsaturated
saturated
unsaturated
Phospholipids___________________________
___________________________
__
Phospholipids make up the cell membrane
Water (outside the cell)
bilayer
Water (inside the cell)
Another lipid: Steroids
• Structure:
– examples:
cholesterol