Transcript 2016-17 OL Biomolecules notes

Unit II:
Biomolecules Unit
Notes
The Importance of Carbon
Although a cell is composed of 70% to 95% _______,
water
most of the rest consists of _________
carbon based
molecules. Carbon’s importance is due largely to the
valence electrons
arrangement of its _________
__________.
A. Structure of Carbon
6 electrons; 2
6 protons & ___
1. Atomic # 6; has ___
in first shell & 4 in second
2. Has __
4 valence electrons; so can make four
_________
covalent bonds.
3. Usually bonds with: __________
H,O,P,S,N
carbon
4. Can also form bonds with other ________
atoms.
5. Compounds with carbon- carbon bonds are
called ________;
organic compounds not containing
carbon are known as inorganic
_________.
Biomolecules
(Macromolecules)
B. Organic molecules associated with living organisms
1. Polymers
a. “poly” means many
_____.
b. polymer is a large molecule composed of identical or _______
similar
building blocks.
2. Monomers
one
a. “mono” means ____.
building ________
blocks of polymers
b. The sub- units, or ________
monomer
polymer
C. Reactions
3. Dehydration Synthesis (aka: ____________
condensation Reaction)
a. Reaction that covalently
_________ bonds two or more molecules
together.
b. _______
Water is released as a waste product.
4. Hydrolysis
breaks the covalent bond between two or
a. Reaction that ________
more molecules.
b. Requires the addition of ______
water
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMTeqZLXBSo
Carbohydrates
C ___
H and O
A. Elements: contain the elements ___,
__. ; always in a 2:1
ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O)
B. Monomer: ________________
monosaccharide
C. Function: Carbohydrates are used for immediate and stored
energy as well as for ________
building________.
material
_______,
sugar & ________
starches
D. Food Source: ______
E. Examples:
one - sugar”
1. Monosaccharides “____
C
Simplest of all sugars. Although they vary in the number of ___
2H:1O is always
atoms that make up the molecule, the ratio of _______
present.
a. 5-carbon monosaccharides –
Deoxyribose - found in ______
DNA
* _____________
RNA
Ribose - found in _____.
* ________
Carbohydrates
b. 6-carbon monosaccharides – Examples are
________,
glucose _________,
fructose and _________
galactose
1. Glucose – Preferred _______
most organisms,
energy ________for
source
including humans. Made by plants; found in sports drinks.
2. Fructose - _____
______Found in ______.
very sweet
fruit
milk sugar.
3. Galactose - __________of
monomer _____
*Monosaccharides are the monomers or building blocks for the more
complex carbohydrates → disaccharide
_____________
Carbohydrates
2. Disaccharides - “_____
two sugars”
a. Two _________________
Monosaccharides bonded together
dehydration reaction using
through a __________
synthesis
__________.
A + B  AB + H2O
b. Examples:
1. Sucrose – very sweet; ex: _____
fruits
fructose
Composed of ________
glucose + ________
milk sugar.
2. Lactose - _____
galactose
Composed of ________
glucose + _________
grain sugar
3. Maltose - _____
______.
glucose + ________
Composed of ________
glucose
Carbohydrates
many sugars”
3. Polysaccharides –“______
a. Many monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration
synthesis.
b. They are divided into two groups based on function:
glucose
1. Storage
________ Polysaccharides – Long polymers of _______
broken down as needed for energy
_______.
animals In
a. Glycogen – Storage form of glucose in ________.
liver and _______
muscle
humans, most glycogen is stored in _____
cells.
plants Humans are
b. Starch – Storage form of glucose in ______.
glucose
able to break down starch to its monomers of _______
for energy.
Carbohydrates
Structural Polysaccharides – Used as a
2. ________
_______
_______ in many organisms
building material
a. Cellulose – Major component of PLANT
cell
___wall
___. Composed of monomers of
glucose covalently bonded together.
_______
• The bonds between the glucose
monomers in cellulose are arranged
differently than those found in starch;
therefore, humans ______
cannot break down
cellulose for energy.
• It is still important to our diet as a source
of ____.
fiber
b. Chitin – Major component of _____
Fungi cell
walls and the __________
exoskeleton of insects and
other arthropods.
Lipids
nonpolar molecules defined by their
Very diverse group of ________
waxy fatty, or ____.
oily
___________
insolubility in water. Texture: _____,
A. Elements: __,
H and __,
C __,
O but lipids do not have the
2H:1O
_______ratio
found in carbohydrates.
B. Monomer: doesn’t really have just one
C. Function: Our bodies need lipids for:
• Energy Storage
• Insulation
• Cushioning
Lipids
D. Where are lipid found in the body?
• Cell membrane
• Innermost layer of skin
• Surrounding some organs
butter __________,
shortening ____
E. Food Source: ______,
olive
___,
oil etc.
F. Types of Lipids:
1. Fats & Oils
a. Made up of _______
glycerol and at least
one AND _____
____, joined
fatty acid
together by ___________
________
dehydration synthesis
b. Referred to as ___
fat if lipid is solid at
room temperature. Saturated
c. Referred to as ___
oil if lipid is liquid at
room temperature. Unsaturated
Triglyceride
Lipids
2. Phospholipids
a. Unique lipid because one end (the
polar but the
head)of the molecule is _____,
nonpolar
other end (the tails) is _________.
cell __________
membranes
b. Primary component of all ___
3. Steroids
a. Differ from other lipids in that they lack
fatty ____
acid tails
____
____.
b. Used for ________
hormone production.
cholesterol
c. An important example is __________,
which is found in the ___
__________ of
cell membranes
animal cells.
Proteins
C __,
O __.
A. Elements: __,
H __,
N
B. Monomer: ______
amino ____
acid
20 different amino acids combine in different
1. Only ___
________,
number ________,
pattern & ____________.
arrangement
2. All 20 amino acids are ________
identical except for variable
group called the ________.
R group Aka: side chain.
function & is
3. Proteins ______
shape is important to its _______
determined by the interactions between R groups.
Form fits function
transport
C. Function: support, structure, protection, _________,
metabolism hormones
___________,
_________, cell identification &
communication.
D. Where are proteins found in the body?
• muscles
• hair
• skin
• enzymes
E. Food source:
• Meats
• Nuts
• Eggs
• Spinach
Type of Protein - Enzymes
catalyst
a. Biological _______
b. A catalyst ______
speeds a chemical reaction without being
used up.
c. Could NOT maintain homeostasis without them.
lowering
activation
d. An enzyme works by ________the
_________
energy, that is the energy required to get the
started
reaction _______.
4 common features:
e. Enzymes share __
temperature
1. They work best within a narrow ____________
and ___
pH range. Ex: pepsin in stomach; pH = 2
2. They do not make a reaction happen that
couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make
faster
the reaction occur much ______.
3. They are not __________
changed in the
consumed or ________
reaction. Therefore, the same enzyme may be
reused
_______.
Type of Protein - Enzymes
4. Enzymes are _________
________
substrate specific
because of their ______.
shape
reactant
• A substrate is the ________.
• The substrate fits into a portion of the
enzyme called the active
_____ site
____.
• This fit between the active site of the
enzyme and the substrate allows
enzymes to be specific for a certain type
of reaction.
Type of Protein - Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
• 5C Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogenous Base
Monomer: nucleotide
_________
1. DNA - _______________
Deoxyribonucleic ____
Acid
a. Composed of 2 _______
strands of nucleotides covalently
bonded together using ___________
________.
dehydration synthesis
b. Twisted together to form a double
______ helix
____.
instructions for the cell.
c. Contains the genetic
______ __________
2. RNA - __________
Ribonucleic ____
Acid
a. _____
Single strand of nucleotides.
b. ______
____ the instructions in DNA.
Carries out
Double helix
Nucleic Acids
3. ATP
a. Adenosine
_________ TriPhosphate
___________
Single nucleotide.
b. ______
useable energy for the cell.
c. Provides _______
Adenosine