Transcript Macromolecules

Carbon
Organic Compounds
• Carbon based molecules
Carbon
6p
6n
6 eCan bond to 4e- I
Make 4 covalent bonds outer shell
Can - in outer shell
Can bond to 4 H
Hydrocarbons
• Contain hydrogen and carbon
METHANE
• One carbon
Carbon Skeleton
• Carbon Chain
• Here with 6 carbons (hexane)
Unbranched
Can be branched
Rings
• Cyclohexane
Isomers
• Compounds with the same
molecular formula (like C3H8O)
but different structural formula
(spatial orientation –like -OH is in
a different place)
Isomer Examples
• You Tube Video of Optical Isomerism
Contrast Caraway and Spearmint
ISOMERS
•
(get taste samples)
Thalidomide Isomers
Treated nausea of women in 1950’s
Changed to isomer
form in the body
that caused a birth
defect
ISOMERS
• L-dopa (Precursors to the neurotransmitter dopamine) to treat
Parkinson’s –but D-dopa causes
(“D” polarize light to R.)
deficiency of white blood cells
• Allegra is the isomer of Seldane (for nose
congestion)
• Lexapro is the active isomer
• of Celexa (antidepressants)
CARBON CAN FORM VARIOUS BONDS
• Single bond (ethane)
• C-C
• Double bond (ethene)
• C=C
• Triple bond (ethyne)
4 most common elements of life
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
C
H
O
N
COMMON ELEMENTS OF
MACROMOLECULES
•CHNOPS
•Carbon – hydrogennitrogen-oxygenphosphorus-sulfur
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:
know them
• Group of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton involved in
chemical reactions
• Five groups are polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) and are
soluble in water
• The sixth group, the methyl group, is nonpolar, and
nonreactive
ADD:
sulfhydryl
group
-SH
FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
HYDROXYL GROUP
• -OH
• Organic compounds containing –OH groups
are called alcohols
• C2H5OH
ethanol (or ethyl
alcohol):
molecular formula and
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structural formula
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FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
CARBONYL GROUP
• -C=O
• If at the end, the compound is called an
aldehyde (like acetaldehyde in ripe fruit).
• If in the middle, it is called a ketone (broken
down in liver, used in brain)
• Commonly in sugars.
TWO TYPES OF CARBONYLS
TWO TYPES OF CARBONYLS
FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
CARBOXYL GROUP
• -COOH or
• H acts as an acid (carboxylic
acid) to donate H+
• EX: acetic acid CH3COOH
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FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
AMINO GROUP
• -NH2
• Acts as a base by picking up a H+ (to
make NH3)
• Compounds with amino
groups are called amines
• EX: amino acids are
building blocks of protein
FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
PHOSPHATE GROUP
• -OPO3-2
• Compounds with phosphates are called
organic phosphates
• Involved in energy transfer, ATP
FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
METHYL GROUP
• -CH3
• Compounds with methyl groups are
called methylated compounds
• EX: Found in DNA
ADD THIS FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
Sulfhydryl group
• –C–SH or R–SH
• (S takes the place of O in a –OH group) (less polar)
• -SH group can also be referred to as a thiol group
FYI: Smell like garlic, put in natural gas for an odor
Methanethiol
Cysteine
PRESENTATION: FUNCTIONAL GROUP 7points
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A. functional group
B. name compound it forms
C. depict the structural formula
D. show how to remember it
E. Creative
F. Easy for classmates to remember You tube
G. polar or nonpolar
EXTRA CREDIT: if you make a visual of your
functional group for class display
WILL DO WORKSHEET
• “Identifying Functional Groups”
• Work hard like Larry here.
4 Types of Macromolecules
•Proteins
•Nucleic Acids
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
Macromolecule
or Polymer
•
a large molecule consisting of
many identical or similar
subunits strung together
Polymer
• A large molecule (macromolecule)
consisting of many smaller
molecules (monomers) into chains
Monomers
• the subunits that serve as the
building blocks
Polymerization
•Joining monomers
to make a polymer
• LINK Animation of a Condensation Polymerization
Dehydration Synthesis
A.K.A. polymerization
Dehydration
Synthesis You Tube
Dehydration Synthesis
• Start with small molecules
(monomers), by removing water
end with large molecules
(polymers)
Dehydration Synthesis
•
Monomers (small molecules) are
linked together by a process that
takes out a molecule of water to
form a polymer (macromolecule).
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
•
Polymers are disassembled to
monomers by hydrolysis in which
bonds are broken by the addition
of water
Hydrolysis
• Start with large molecules (polymer)
add water and end with small molecules
(monomer)
Videos
• You Tube Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis
• Easy animations
• Making and Breaking
MACROMOLECULES
• Receive chart of macromolecules and tips
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates are Made Of:
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C : H : O or CH2O
1:2:1
EX: C6H12O6 glucosemost common monosaccharide
C12H22O11 = 2 C6H12O6 − H2O
What functional groups are in
carbohydrates?
What functional groups are in
carbohydrates?
Carbonyl
aldehyde or ketone
Hydroxyl
Carbohydrates
• “Sugars”
• Names for Carbohydrates end
in –ose
• Monomers: monosaccharides
Structural
formula
Why would you
choose one
model over
another?
Spacefilling
model
Abbreviated
structure
Monomer of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar
• -main use in body: fuel
• EX: glucose – most common
galactose –milk sugar
fructose – fruit sugar
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides-single sugars –
the monomer of carbos
• Disaccharides-double sugars
• Polysaccharides-many sugars
Carbohydrate Rings
Monosaccharide
• Single sugar
Disaccharide
• Double sugar
Disaccharides
Dehydration Synthesis of
Carbohydrates
• What is removed? From what functional
group?
Glycosidic Bond: covalent bond joining
monosaccharides
gly- or glu- are prefixes for “sweet”
Disaccharide Examples
• sucrose = glucose + fructose
` common table sugar
• maltose = glucose + glucose
– Beer sugar
• lactose = glucose + galactose.
– Milk sugar
Polysaccharide: many sugars
Polysaccharides
• macromolecules
with a few to 1000
monosaccharides
linked together
Polysaccharides
• Storage Polysaccharides: starch
(from plants) and glycogen (from
animals)
• Structural Polysaccharides: chitin (in
fungi cell walls and in exoskeleton of
arthropods) and cellulose (in plant
cell walls)
•Foods
found in
plants:
Potatoes,
wheat, corn,
rice
Starch
•Found in plant roots
Glycogen
• ANIMAL
STORAGE
storage form of glucose
• Found in animal livers and
muscle cells
• Foods: meats
Cellulose: plant cell walls stiff
Us: good fiber
Glucose polymer
Chitin
• Onion Cell Walls are of cellulose
• Exoskeleton of insects, crabs
Which is a monosaccharide?
A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
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cellulose
chitin
glucose
glycogen
sucrose
starch
Which is a monosaccharide?
A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
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Cellulose P
Chitin
P
Glucose M
Glycogen M
Sucrose D
Starch
P