Transcript Macromolecules

Macromolecules
The Stuff of Life
Common Characteristics
• Based on Carbon
• Mostly Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
and Nitrogen (97% of most
organisms)
• All but lipids are polymers
• All formed by dehydration
synthesis and broken by
hydrolysis
• Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis
Monomers and Polymers
• Mono = One
- Monomer =
• Di = Two
- Dimer =
• Poly = Three or more
- Poly =
Carbohydrates
• CH2O
• Main energy
source
• 4 calories/gram
• Used for Structure
• Quick energy
storage
Carbohydrates
• Monomer :
• Dimers :
Examples
Examples
Uses in Organisms
• Starch
- Plant energy
storage
• Glycogen
- Animal energy
storage
• Cellulose
- Plant structure
Lipids
• Only
macromolecule
that is not a
polymer (only two
pieces, not a
repeat)
• Two parts
1) glycerol
2) fatty acids (up
to thee)
Lipid Formation
Lipids Cont
• Energy Storage
9 calories/gram
• Structure : cell
membranes
• Signals :
hormones
Saturated Fatty
Acids Versus
Unsaturated
•Lipids can have
double bonds
•Only single bonds =
saturated (solid, fat)
•Single double bond
= Monounsaturaed
(liquid, oil)
•More than one =
Polyunsaturated
(liquid, oil)
Proteins
• Monomer :
• 20 different types
with a common
structure
• Made of carbon
hydrogen and
oxygen
• Shape defines
function
Protein Functions
• Structure
e.g. collagen
• Regulate reactions
in the cell:
enzymes
• Transport
substances into
and out of the cell
Levels of Structure
• Protein Folding
Animation
• Protein Folding
Animation 2
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary
Nucleic Acids
• Contain N, H, O,
C, P
• Monomer:
• Polymers
1)
2)
• Nucleotides
- 3 Parts
1)
2)
3)
• Sugar-Phosphate
backbone
• Bases store
hereditary
information
Chemical reactions and
enzymes
Why we don’t burst into flames
Chemical Reactions
• Breaking of bonds in reactants and
formation of bonds in products
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H20
(reactants)
(products)
• Must follow “Law of Conservation of
Mass”
“Matter is neither created or
destroyed”
Means the number of atoms in the
reactants must equal the number of
atoms in the products
Energy in Reactions
• All reactions require some activation
energy
Why do you strike a match?
• Some reactions will occur completely
spontaneously (can supply their own
activation energy)
Vinegar and Baking Soda
CH3COOH + NaHCO3  CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O + CO2
Production of water from hydrogen and oxygen gas
YouTube - Huge Hydrogen & Oxygen Balloon Explosion
Enzymes
• Molecules that act as biological
catalysts
- Substance that speeds up a chemical
reaction without being used in the
reaction itself
- Lowers activation energy
• Usually protein
Importance in life
• Slow down reactions that would
release a lot of energy
Sugar Burning (The way we get
energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2
• Allow reactions to happen that
normally would not due to high
activation energy
Enzyme Substrate
Complex
• Lock and key model
• Substrate = reactants enzyme acts
on
Regulation of Enzyme
Activity
• pH
• Temperature
• Inhibitors