Transcript Chapter 2
Strand 1: The Chemistry of Living Things •Is the basic unit of matter • Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron An Atom consists of Electron Cloud Neutral • Are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom • More than 100 elements are known • Represented by a letter symbol • Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. • What is NaCl? • How about H20? pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution • At a pH of 7, the •Ranges from 0-14 concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are equal •Solutions below 7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure water • Solutions above 7 are called basic, because they have less H+ ions than pure water What’s so great about Carbon? • It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! • It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings •Hydrogen •Carbon •Nitrogen •Oxygen •Phosphorus •Sulfur • Monomers bond together to make a polymer • Like a chain of molecules •Carbohydrates •Lipids •Nucleic acids •Proteins Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O, with a ratio of 1:2:1. Carb Function? • Main source of energy for all cellular activity • Provides structure for plants and animals • Humans store extra sugar as glycogen • Single sugar molecule • Smallest is glucose • Examples include: –Glucose –Galactose –Fructose LIPIDS •Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic) •Mostly carbon and hydrogen •Include fats, oils, steroids, and waxes Lipid Function? • Form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids • Saturated (no carboncarbon double bonds) fat is bad for you! Nucleic Acids • Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous • Are polymers assembled from nucleotides. • Store and transmit genetic information • Include RNA & DNA •5-carbon sugar •phosphate group •nitrogenous base Proteins •contain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen •are Chains of amino acids •Proteins have Many different functions! Protein function? • Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes • Form bone and muscle • Transport substances into or out of cells • Help to fight disease Monosaccharide Monosaccharide Alcohol 3 Fatty Acids Amino Acid Amino Acid Chemical Reactions & Enzymes • Chemical reactions change one set of chemicals into another • Reactants Products • Chem rxns always involve bond changes! Paper will only burn if lit with a match! •Are proteins that act as biological catalysts •Speed up chemical reactions •Lower activation energy •Are very specific, only work with certain substrates • Regulate chemical pathways • Make materials for cells • Release energy • Transfer information • Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react • This reduces the energy ACTIV needed for the reaction E SITE • The reactants of enzymecatalyzed reactions are known as substrates Do enzymes require certain conditions? At what temp. do you think enzymes in the human body work best????