Transcript Macromolecules notes

GPS
SB1 Students will analyze the
nature of the relationship between
structures and functions in living
cells
b. Explain how enzymes function
as catalysts
c. Identify the function of the four
major macromolecules
Chemistry In
Biology
Matter

All living things are made of matter

Matter has mass and takes up space

Atoms are the building blocks of matter
What do we call different types of
Elements
atoms?

A substance that can’t be broken down
into simpler chemical substances
The major element’s of living
organisms
Page 146 in your book
C, H, O, N make up 90% of the human
body.
The Building Blocks
of Life
Macromolecules
The Four Macromolecules




Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates






Carbon, hydrogen, and 1. Monosaccharide –
oxygen
fructose & glucose
1:2:1 ratio of elements
2. Disaccharide – two
Carbohydrates are
monosaccahrides bonded
sugars
– sucrose
Used for Energy
3. Polysaccharide – many
Cellulose – Plant walls
monosaccahrides bonded
Chitin – Insect shells,
– starch, glycogen,
fungus bodies
cellulose
Lipids






Composed of Carbon and hydrogen
Waxes, Fats and oils
Nonpolar - Insoluble in water
Used for energy storage, insulation, and
protective coverings
Major component of membranes
surrounding cells called a phospholipid
Steroids – cholesterol and hormones
Nucleic Acids



Complex macromolecule that stores cellular
information in the form of a code.
Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and hydrogen
Polymer made of smaller units called
nucleotides


Nucleotides contain a nitrogen base, a sugar, and
a phosphate group
2 types


DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Proteins



Essential to all life – the primary building
block of life
Large complex polymer composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
usually sulfur
Amino Acids are the building blocks


20 common amino acids
2nd major component of cell membranes
Enzymes – Special Proteins

Chemical reactions require specific
temperature and environmental
requirements that are often not found in the
human body

An enzyme enables molecules called
substrates, to undergo a chemical change
to form a new substance
Energy of Reactions

Activation Energy – the minimum amount of
energy needed to cause a reaction to
happen

Enzymes lower the activation energy of
many reactions that take place in the body
Enzymes Features




Enzymes speed up chemical reactions but
do not take place in the reaction and are not
changed by the reaction.
Do not make a reaction occur that would not
occur on its own
Enzymes are reusable
Enzymes are specific to their substrate
Types of Enzymes




Amylase – Breaks down sugars
Catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide
in the blood and in cells
DNA polymerase – helps to make copies of
DNA
Lactase – Breaks down lactose (milk
sugars) in the digestive tract
The Lock and Key Mechanism of
Enzymes
 Factors
such as pH, temperature, and other
substances affect enzyme activity
Carbohydrates



What: Sugars
Elements: C, H, O
3 classes: Monosaccharides


Disaccharides


Ex.) Sucrose
Polysaccharides


Ex.) Glucose, fructose
Ex.) Cellulose, starch
Function: Energy
Nucleic Acids



What they do: Store and transmit
genetic information.
Elements: C, N, O, P, H
Subunit: Nucleotide




Nitrogen base
Sugar
Phosphate group
Ex.) DNA & RNA
Lipids





What: Waxes, Fats, Oils
Elements: C, H
Function: Stores energy, protective
layers, insulation
1st major component of cell membranes
Examples: Hormones, cholesterol.
Proteins
Essential to all life.
 Made up of amino acids.
 Elements: C, H, O, N and sometimes S
 Function: Building block of life
 2nd major component of cell
membranes
 Example: enzymes
