Transcript Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
Chemistry of Carbon Molecules
Carbon
• 4 electrons in outer energy level.
• Needs to form four covalent bonds to
become stable.
• Can form single, double, or triple bonds.
– A double bond is a bond in which each atom
shares two electrons.
• Can bond with other carbon atoms to form
straight chains, branched chains or rings
of various sizes.
Isomer
• Compounds with the same chemical
formula but a different 3-D structure.
– Example: glucose and fructose (both
C6H12O6)
Polymers
• Large biomolecules formed from many
smaller molecules bonded together.
– Example: Proteins
Carbohydrates
• Biomolecule composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
• Used by cells to provide energy.
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide
– Simplest carbohydrate.
– Simple sugar.
– Examples: glucose and fructose
• Disaccharide
– Formed from two monosaccharides
– Example: Sucrose (table sugar) (formed from
glucose and fructose)
• Polysaccharides
– Largest carbohydrates
– Examples: Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose
Lipids
• Large biomolecules made mostly of
carbon and hydrogen with a small amount
of oxygen.
• Used for energy storage, insulation, and
protective covering.
• Insoluble in water because they are nonpolar molecules.
• Examples:
– Fats, oils, waxes, steroids.
Lipids
• Formed from fatty acids.
– Long chain of carbon and hydrogen.
• Saturated fatty acid:
– Each carbon in the chain is bonded to the
other carbon atoms by a single bond.
• Unsaturated fatty acid:
– A double or a triple bond is present in the
chain.
Proteins
• Large complex polymer composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
• Provide structure for tissues, contract
muscle tissues, transport oxygen in the
bloodstream, regulate reactions, and carry
out cell metabolism.
• Enzyme:
– Protein that changes the rate of a chemical
reaction.
Proteins
• Proteins are common in a large variety of
sizes and 3-D shapes.
• The shape depends on the properties of the
individual amino acids (ex. pH).
• Formed from amino acids.
– 20 common amino acids.
– Covalent bond between two amino acids is
called a peptide bond.
Nucleic Acids
• Complex molecules that store information
in the form of a code.
• Made of smaller units called nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are formed from carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
atoms arranged in three groups: a
nitrogeneous base, a simple sugar, and a
phosphate group
• Examples:
– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)