Transcript Macromolecules, Chemical Reactions & Enzymes

Warm-Up # 10
9/27/12
1) What are the four macromolecules essential for all
life?
2) What is one food example of a carbohydrate?
3) What is one food example of a lipid?
4) What is one food example of a protein?
5) What is one example of a nucleic Acid?
6) When is your next quiz and what is it on?
Warm-Up # 9 9/26/12
QUIZ
TODAY
1) Water sticking to water is called____.
2) Some insects can stand on water because water has
a high _________.
3) label the water molecule with
O, H, +, and –
4) Match the pH scale with the following word: Neutral,
Strong Acid, Strong Base, Weak Acid, Weak Base
Macromolecules
Unit 2 Biochemistry
What Will We Learn Today?
EQ: What molecules
make up all living
things?
Objective:
differentiate between
the four types of
molecules.
Organic Chemistry
Carbon
– most versatile element
– bonds with many different elements (H, O, S,
N, P, C)
– forms large and complex structures.
Macromolecules
Means giant molecules
Small units called monomers join to form
large units called polymers which are the
same as macromolecules
There are 4 groups
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
Macromolecules
Name
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic
Acids
Proteins
Examples Function
Main
Structure
elements
Carbohydrates
Examples
Function
Sugars
Glucose
Energy
(MONOSACCHARIDE)
Cellulose
Fructose
Lactose
Starch-stored
form of sugar
(POLYSACCHARIDE)
Main
Structure
Elements
C
H
Structure— O
cell walls
Monomer=
single sugar
Polymer=
starch
glucose
glucose
Glycogen or starch
Lipids
Examples
Function
Main
Structure
Elements
Fats
Oils
Waxes
*not water
soluble
Stored
energy
C
H
O
Structure—
cell
membrane
Protective
coverings
Saturated/
Unsaturated
Fats
Glycerol +
2 or 3 Fatty
acid chains
Lipid: Glycerol + 2 or 3 Fatty Acids
•Di-glycerides are mostly plant oils & waxes
•Tri-glycerides are mostly animal fats
Fatty Acids = Carbon Chains
Nucleic Acids
Examples
Function
Main
Structure
Elements
DNA
RNA
Carries
hereditary
information
C
H
O
P
N
Monomer =
nucleotides
Polymer =
DNA or RNA
nucleotide
Proteins
Examples
Function
Main
Structure
Elements
Enzymes
Control
reaction rate
Form
structures
Transport
substances
Fight
diseases
C
H
O
N
S
Lactase
Catalase
Antibodies
Insulin
Hemoglobin
Monomer =
Amino Acids
Polymer =
Proteins
Macromolecule Activity
•With your clock buddy, you will:
–Cut all word and pictures from the handouts
–Glue words and pictures on to construction
paper
–Organize them into Carbs, Proteins, Lipids,
Nucleic Acids
–You will do two macromolecules and your
partner will do the other two
–Label everything you can
–Use your notes from today
Warm-Up #12
10/1/12
1) When is your next quiz? Test?
2) What is the monomer of a protein?
3) What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
4) What sugar is found in plant cell walls?
EQ: What affect does enzymes
have on a reaction?
Chemical Reactions
Changes one set of chemicals into another
set of chemicals
Require energy
Reactants IN
Products OUT
Chemical bonds are ALWAYS broken and
new bonds are formed
2H2 + O2  2H2O
Energy in Reactions
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
Activation
energy
energy
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Some reactions
absorb energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
Products
Some reactions
release energy
Energy in Reactions
Energy can be released as heat, light, or
sound.
Living organisms need energy source to
carry out chemical reactions.
Some reactions need activation energy to
get started. (activation energy)
Enzymes
A catalyst speeds up the rate of a
chemical reaction.
An enzyme is a catalyst for a biological
chemical reaction—inside cells!
Enzymes are very specific—one enzyme
for one chemical reaction.
Enzymes
Substrates (reactants) attach to the active
site of a specific enzyme. (enzymesubstrate complex
When the enzyme-substrate complex is
formed, the enzyme converts the substrate
into products.
The products are released.
The enzyme can carry out another
reaction.
Enzyme
(hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
Products
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Products
are released
ATP
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Substrates
are converted
into products
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Enzymes
Work best at certain pH and temperature
levels.
Enzymes in humans work best at 37°C,
normal body temperature.