Transcript PP Ch_ 2-3 Modified - Maria Regina High School

Carbon Compounds
Chapter 2 Section 3 pgs 44-48
The Chem of Carbon
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Believe it or not, carbon is so interesting, there is
an ENTIRE branch of chemistry designed to
study it!
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Organic Chemistry
Each electron in carbon can form Covalent
bonds with almost any other element
More importantly, Carbon can bond with itself!
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Chains, rings,single bonds, double bonds, triple
bonds
Macromolecules
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Macromolecules: Literally means “Large”
Molecules (aka: Organic molecules)
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Created when small units (Monomers) join together to
form large units (Polymers)
Macromolecules come in four flavors:
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
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SUGARS
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Made of Carbon,
Hydrogen and
Oxygen
Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
Breakdown of Sugars
is the main source of
energy of living things
Extra sugar is stored
as starch
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The monomers in
starch polymers are
sugar molecules
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Carbs. The BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS
1 Monomer of
sugar = 1
monosaccharide
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Glucose, fructose
A large chain
(polymer) of
monosaccharides
is a polysaccharide
(aka: starch)
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Animal starches =
glycogen
Plant starches =
cellulose
Lipids
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FATS, OILS, WAXES
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Mostly made of
Carbon and Hydrogen
Can be stored
energy, insulation,
found in cell
membranes, steroids
Can be saturated or
unsaturated
Lipids. The BASIC BUILDING
BLOCKS
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1 Monomer of fat = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty
acids
Nucleic Acids
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DNA and RNA
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Made of Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Nucleic acids are the
genetic code for living
organisms
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Every cell has a
complete set of DNA
and RNA
N.A.s The BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS
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1 Monomer of a
Nucleic Acid = 1
Nucleotide
A large chain
(polymer) of
nucleotides is a
Nucleic Acid (ie: RNA
or DNA)
Nucleotides consist
of:
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One Nitrogen Base
One 5 - Carbon Sugar
One Phosphate Group
Proteins
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Everything Else
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Made of Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, sometimes Sulfur
Proteins are everything
from muscles to hair to
hormones
Some proteins are
enzymes (catalysts),
some are used for
transport around an
organism
The Shape of a protein is
incredibly important
Proteins: The Basic Building
Blocks
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1 Monomer of a Protein =
1 amino acid
A large chain (polymer) of
amino acids is a
Polypeptide
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All amino acids have a
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Polypeptides are proteins
Amino group (Always
same)
Carboxyl group (Always
same)
R-group (1 of 20)
There are 20 different
amino acids
SECTION 2-4 Chem. Reactions
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A process that changes or transforms one set of
chemicals into another
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Some are slow
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Iron + Oxygen  Iron oxide (aka: Rust)
(Reactants) (Product)
Some are fast
Some chemical reactions release energy, others
absorb (require) it.
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2H2O  2H2 + O2 (Release as heat)
2H2 + O2  2H2O (Requires heat to happen)
Energy Cont.
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In order to stay alive, we reactions that
both absorb and release energy
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Energy used in reactions comes from food
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Normally Sugar
ACTIVATION ENERGY
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Amount of energy required to get a reaction
started
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IE: Holding flame to paper for combustion
Enzymes
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Catalyst
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Catalysts in living things are called
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Any substance that speeds up the rate of a
reaction (lower activation energy)
ENZYMES
Enzymes are PROTEINS that speed up
biological reactions
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Reactants join together on an enzyme and
create a chemical reaction
The Lock and Key Complex
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Reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are
called
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When the substrates join together at an ACTIVE
SITE of an enzyme, they create a
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SUBSTRATES
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
Enzymes are substrate specific (One enzyme for
a particular reaction will not work with substrates
from another particular reaction)
Because of the specific fit, the ES Complex is
called a LOCK AND KEY COMPLEX
Lock and Key Model
QUESTIONS
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Describe the role of energy in chemical
reactions?
What are enzymes and how are they
important in living things?
Describe how enzymes work.
Enzyme Regulation
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Enzymes are delicate
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They work best at specific pHs
They work best at about 37 degrees C
When conditions are not optimal, enzymes
change shape and lose function
Enzymes can be turned “on” or “off” by
other proteins depending on how many
are needed