Transcript Enzymes/Macromolecules/Bonding

Enzymes/Macromolecules/Bo
nding- covalent and ionic
Enzymes
 Enzymes are proteins that help to
speed up chemical reactions in the
body
 Shape of Enzyme determines its
function
 High temperature or extreme pH
values may effect the shape of an
enzyme molecule (denaturing).
Makes enzymes useless
Reaction Without-Enzymes
Reaction With-Enzymes
Enzymes are Specific
 An enzyme can be used
for a specific reaction
 Double sugar needs to
be broken apart
 Only one enzyme can
function for this reaction
 Shape of an Enzyme can
determine its functions
Enzymes
Enzymes
Denaturing
Denaturing
 Change in shape of
enzyme due to
high temperature
or extreme pH
Denaturing
Irreversible
process, enzyme
will not work
anymore
Macromolecules
 Large Molecules
 Populate a cell and provide it with
important functions of life
 Structural support
 Source of stored fuel
 Ability to store and retrieve genetic
information
 Ability to speed biochemical reactions
Four major types of
Macromolecules

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

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Polymers: chain
of similar units
or monomers,
that are linked
together by
covalent bonds
Four major types of
Macromolecules
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Diverse groups of
molecules in
Sugars
nonpolymorphic
Nucleotides
form
Amino Acids
Proteins
 Chains of Amino Acids linked with
Polypeptide Bonds
 20 Amino Acids make Proteins, each
differing only in the side chain
 Properties of side chains account for
structural and functional differences
Protein
Carbohydrates
 Simple sugars called
monosaccharides as well as large
sugars called polysaccharides
 Glucose is hexose, a sugar composed
of 6 carbon atoms, usually found in a
ring form
 Starch macromolecule is a
polysaccharide composed of 1000s of
glucose units
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid
 DNA and RNA are nucleic acid
 Two polymers with complementary
nucleotide sequence can pair with
each other
 Pairing allows NA with the ability to
 Store
 Transmit
 Retrieve
genetic information
Nucleic Acid
Lipids
 Triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty
acid and 1 glycerol molecule
 Fatty acids attach to Glycerol by
covalent ester bond
 Long hydrocarbon chain of each fatty
acid makes the triglyceride molecule
nonpolar and hydrophobic
Lipids
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