Transcript Power Point 3 - G. Holmes Braddock

SC.912.L.18.1
Piero Madueno
Biology
Mr. Llano
Carbohydrates
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Molecular Structure:
Carbohydrates are organic compounds
composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen in a ratio of 1 carbon atom,2
hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.
Glucose is also found in these
carbohydrates and have 6 carbon atoms
in them.
Carbohydrates
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Function:
Carbohydrates are used for energy and
for short term energy storage, your body
burns them for energy and/or stores
them for energy as well.
Without carbohydrates, your body
wouldn't have the energy to do any
physical activities.
When you eat them, your body breaks
them down into Glucose, the simplest
sugar.
Nucleic Acids
Molecular structure:
• 2 different types of nucleic Acid – DNA,
RNA
• DNA - contains Phosphate, Nitrogen
Base( A,T,G,C) and Deoxyribose sugar.
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RNA - contains Phosphate, Nitrogen
Base(A,U,G,C), and Ribose sugar.
Nucleic Acids
Function:
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Store information and contain information
for making body proteins.
DNA Function – stores genetic information
3 Types of RNA function:
mRNA-carries information from the nucleus
to the cytoplasm.
tRNA - carries and has amino acids.
rRNA - forms and makes ribosomes.
Proteins
Molecular Structure:
• All proteins are made up of Amino Acids
that are linked together, like a “chain”.
• Each protein can be made up of
different numbers of Amino Acids, it all
depends on the genetic information in a
cell.
• Amino Acids contain Carbon, Oxygen,
Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
Proteins
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Function:
Proteins support your connective tissues
(Ligaments, Tendons, and bones).
Proteins help to rebuild and repairing body
tissues, like muscle.
Proteins help the formation of enzymes
and hormones.
They help fight infection by forming
antibodies which enable the body to defend
itself against diseases.
Lipids
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Molecular Function:
Lipids are fat-soluble molecules.
There is no single structure for lipids.
The most common structure for lipids
are “Triglycerides”, which are fats and
oils.
The 2nd most common structure for
lipids are phospholipids, which are in
animal and plant cell membranes.
Lipids
Function:
• Lipids are used to store energy for longs
periods of time, unlike carbohydrates.
• Lipids are also used as a structural
component of cell membranes.
• They are also used in insulation, which
prevents heat loss from the body.
• They help the body absorb vitamins.
How do Enzymes speed up the rate of
biogeochemical reaction by lowering the
reactions activation?
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Chemical reactions involve molecules
colliding with each other. However, most
“collisions” don’t have the right
orientation or energy for the process to
proceed. Most of the molecules just
bounce off each other without changing,
which is not suppose to happen . This
Continuation
happens because the temperature is
increasing.
• The higher the temperature is, the faster the
molecules move. The lower the temperature is,
the slower the molecules move.
• Since the temperature is increasing, the
molecules may have the required energy to
collide.
• Enzymes are protein catalysts that force
molecules into the correct orientation. Enzyme
speed up the rate of the Reactions by lowering
the required energy for a collision, therefore
the reaction is faster.
Effects of Environmental factors on enzyme activity
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Enzyme activities are effected by its
environmental conditions, if they are
altered, they can change the rate of the
reactions caused by the enzyme.
• In the nature, organisms will adjust the
conditions of there enzymes to make a
more useful rate of reaction if it is
necessary.( Most of the times it is )
• Sometimes the organism enzymes adapt to
there extreme environmental conditions.
How does Concentration affect enzyme activity?
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Changing the concentration of a substance
will only affect the rate of reaction if it is the
limiting factor(the factor that is stopping the
reaction from going to a higher rate).
• If it is the limiting factor, the rate of reaction
will go up but only to a certain rate.
• If this occurs, concentration will no longer
be the limiting factor and something else
will have to limit the rate of reaction.
How does “PH” affect enzyme activity?
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Ph measure the acidity and basicity of a
solution, like H and Ho.
• H and Ho ions are two different types of
concentrations.
• When H and Ho ions are charged, they
interfere with the ionic bonds that hold up
an enzyme. This will cause a change in
shape to the enzyme.
• Any change in the ph of an enzyme above
or beneath the optimum will decrease the
rate of reaction.
Optimum
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
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If the temperature is high, the chance of
molecules random colliding is higher.
Increasing temperature will increase the
rate of reaction, thus forming more
products.
When the temperature increases, there
is more strain on the bonds that hold the
molecules together, which break and
cause the shape of the active site to
change.