Transcript Chemistry of Life_HH

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Organic Chemistry
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• Study of Compounds that
contain Carbon.
• Why is carbon so interesting?
Carbon has the ability to form more compounds
than any other element.
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Pure Carbon
Molecules
Diamond
Graphite
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What are we composed of?
Atoms
Compounds
Macromolecules
Cell
Elements
Carbon compounds
Proteins
Nucleus
Covalent bonds
Functional groups
Lipids
DNA
Carbohydrates
Ribosomes
Nucleic acid
Endomembrane
Organelles
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What are we
composed
of?
-We have
structure-
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Macromolecules of Life
4 basic Molecules
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Proteins
4.Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
• Provide energy to living cells.
• Main Source of energy.
• Structural Components:
CHO
1:2:1 ratio
• The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon"
or carbon with attached water molecules.
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Vocabulary
• Monomer- Single unit
• Polymer- many units
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JOKE
BREAK
This is PAUL LEMUR.
He's a lemur named Paul.
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Monosaccharides
one sugar unit
Ex: Galactose-milk
“Saccharide” means sugar.
C6H12O6
Disacchrides
two sugars
What 14
molecule
will this
make?
Condensation and Hydrolysis
• Condensation: two monomers come
together and one molecule of water is
formed
WATER Forms
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Hydrolysis
• “water splitting”
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Polysaccharides
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• “Many sugars”
• Glycogen (pictured)
• Glycogen functions as a fuel store in
animals. -Large
amounts are stored in liver and
muscle and maintain circulating blood glucose levels
between meals.
Starch
is the
fuel
stored
in
plants
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Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants
cells are visible as small dots.
Plant Cell Walls
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•Cellulose found in plant cell walls.
•Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate in plants.
Clip
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Lipids
• Two main Functions
• Energy Storage
-more energy than carbohydrates
• Cushions and insulates the body
and nerves
• Examples: Fats, Oils, Waxes
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Structure
of Lipids
•Glycerol
backbone
w/ 3 fatty
acid
chains
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Cell membranes are made
of phospholipids
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Lipids
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Proteins
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Functions
• Transport molecules
• Hemoglobin transports oxygen
• Storage molecules
• Iron stored in the liver in a protein
complex
• Mechanical support
• Skin and bones contain collagen
• Antibodies in the immune system
• Hormones
• Clip
Elements in Proteins
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sometimes Sulfur
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Proteins are chains of amino acids
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Sickle Cell Anemia:
The incorrect amino
acid sequence in a
protein may lead to
fatal consequences.
For example, the
inherited disease,
sickle cell anemia,
results from a single
incorrect amino acid
at the 6th position of
the beta - protein
chain out of 146.
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Enzymes
• Are Proteins
• speed up chemical
reactions
• These reactions
would take place
anyway…enzymes just
speed them up!
•They are catalysts!
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• Substrates
– molecules that
bind to
specific
enzymes to
make them
work
– Each substrate
fits into an
area of the
enzyme called
the active site.
– It is like a
lock-and-key
mechanism.
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Binding
Specificity
Enzymes can
only bind to
certain
molecules
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How fast or slow the
enzyme works depends on:
1.the concentration of the enzyme.
2.pH
3.Temperature
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Nucleotides
consist of a
phosphate group,
a sugar and a
"nitrogeneous
base."
There are four types
of nitrogeneous
base.
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Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures of
2° C to 7° C to slow the rate of spoilage by
bacteria. Which of the following best explains why
refrigeration at these temperatures slows the
spoilage of food?
A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by
these low temperatures.
B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly
at these temperatures.
C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage
are not active at these temperatures.
D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage
are denatured at these
temperatures.