Transcript Unit 3: Chapter 6

Unit 3: Chapter 6 - Biochemistry
The Chemicals of Life
A. Atoms
Atoms are the smallest unit of matter
1. Made of 3 Particles:
a. __________ - located in the ________
__________ charge; determine the element
b. __________ – located in the ________
____ charge = neutral
c. ___________ - ______ outside nucleus
________ charge
cause ______________
B. Elements
A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be
broken down into smaller pieces
1. H = _________ – ___ bond
2. O = _________ – ___ bonds
3. N = _________ – ___ bonds
4. C = _________ – ___ bonds
5. Other essential elements:
__________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca)
________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K)
C. Molecules (Compounds)
combinations of elements
1. _______ – caused by elements
sharing electrons
_____________ in the molecule
2. __________ = chains of repeating
small units
3. ________ - shows the composition
of a compound
Molecular formula - indicates the
actual numbers and kinds of atoms
in a molecule
__________
___________________ - how the
atoms are arranged or held together
D. Inorganic Compounds
not the same as what you know from your foods
1. Don’t contain ________ ______________ together.
2. Examples:
_______ (_____)
__________ (_____)
________ (______)
__________ (_____)
E. Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain ______________________ in
the same molecule
1. Carbohydrates
a. Examples:
i. __________ = ______________________
_______, _______ carbohydrates
examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose
ii. __________ = _______________
___________________________
_____________ carbohydrates
____________, ___________, chitin
iii. The names of most
carbohydrates end in _________
b. Elements:
Examples:
Carbohydrates Always contain ________
_________
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
_________
CarboHYDRates always have
_________
_____________________
All carbohydrates have this special ratio
c. Subunits: _________________________
i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of
__________ joined together by ___________________
ii. ____saccharide  ___saccharide  _____saccharide
iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide
subunit
iv. Dehydration Synthesis of a
Carbohydrate
d. Function:
- Primary _________________ for cellular respiration
- 4 kcal/gram
- Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most
diets
2. Lipids
All lipids are ________________ organic molecules
a. Examples:
i. _________
ii. _________
iii. _________
b. Elements
i. always contain _____________
ii. Usually ________ number of atoms
iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between
hydrogen and oxygen
C12H24O2
C54H102O6
c. Subunits: ________________________
i. Glycerol
ii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the end
iii. Joined together by dehydration synthesis
d. Function
i. _____________ of energy
ii. _________ and __________
iii. Make up ______________
3. Proteins
a. Examples:
Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones,
Cartilage, Muscles, _______________
Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________,
Actin, Myocin, keratin
b. Elements:
i. Always Contain _______________
ii. N = _____________
iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus
c. Subunits: ___________________
i. All proteins are made from ____________________.
ii. Amino Acids
small organic molecules with an ____________ and an
________ (carboxyl) group
R – is a variable
group of atoms that
changes with each
specific amino acid
iii. ___________ = chains of amino acids
iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the
carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Peptide Bond
d. Function
i. ____________________________
cell __________, cell skeleton, centrioles
ii. ____________________
_________________ molecules that make reactions
happen
iii. _________________
______________
iv. _________________
protect the body from infection
__________ is DETERMINED by the _______
of the Protein
__________ is DETERMINED by the ________
of _________________
4. Enzymes
a. ______________________________
b. Generally their names end in –ase
Amylase, protease, lipase
c. _________________________
- ___________________ without being changed
themselves.
- Involved in _______________________ in your body
d. Enzymes Structure
i. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined by
the _____________________.
ii. _____________________
Area on the enzyme that conducts the reaction
Active Site has a _________________________________
iii. _____________
________________________________
iv. Enzyme Substrate Complex
temporary molecule formed when the enzyme and
substrate bind together
v. ___________________
what is left over after the enzyme does its work
PRODUCT
SUBSTRATE
ACTIVE SITE
____________________________
_______
_______
__________
e. Enzyme Specificity
i. Enzymes are ______________________________. SHAPE
ii. Lock and Key Model
Enzyme and substrate ____________________
Just like one lock has one key that fits it
iii. Induced Fit Model
More realistic model of enzyme activity
Enzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme to
fit substrate
Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate
molecules
COENZYME
Coenzymes are enzyme helpers
f. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity
i. ___________________
- Enzymes have an ___________ temperature at which
they work (__________________)
- As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases
for the most part
- If temp is too high, protein becomes _______________
(change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED!
ii. _______ = Power of Hydrogen
- scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______
- 1 – 14
_______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid
___ = ___________
_______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base
- Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH
- at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be
______________ – too high or too low.
iii. ____________________
- The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the
enzyme activity to a point.
- As the concentration increases the enzyme activity
increases until it “_____________”
5. Nucleic Acids
i. Examples
● __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid
● __________ – ribonucleic acid
● Hereditary material, controls ______________
ii. Elements
_______________
iii. Subunit:
________________
3 parts:
a. _____________
b. ________ (_______ or ___________________)
c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen)
DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______
RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______
iv. Function
- Carry ____________
_______________
- _____________ for
_________________
- The order of nitrogenous
bases (A, T, G, C)
determines the _______
of _____________
- The order of amino acids
determines the protein
F. Biochemical Reactions
1. Dehydrations Synthesis
chemical combination of two small molecules to make
another larger molecule with water being driven off
Synthesis = Make bigger, build up
Dehydration = remove H2O
Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind
together
2. Hydrolysis
chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler
molecules by adding water
opposite of dehydration synthesis