Transcript Biochemistry

Biology - Biochemistry
Why do we study
Chemistry in Biology?
Figure 2.3 Nitrogen deficiency
Figure 2.4 Goiter
w
Edible salt can be iodized by spraying it
with a potassium iodate solution. Two
ounces of potassium iodate, costing about
USD$1.15, are required to iodise a ton of
salt. Salt is an effective vehicle for
distributing iodine to the public because it
does not spoil and is consumed by everyone
in the population, in fairly predictable
amounts.
Figure 2.6 Using radioactive isotopes to study cell chemistry
Figure 2.7 A PET scan, a medical use for radioactive isotopes
Figure 2.19 A molecular mimic
Figure 2.20 Photosynthesis: a solar-powered rearrangement of matter
Figure 5.0 Spider’s web made of protein
Figure 2.1 The hierarchy of biological order from atom to organism
http://biolo
gyinmotion.
com/organi
zeit/index.htm
l
pH Review
Organic vs. Inorganic
Compounds
Inorganic vs. Organic
•
Inorganic – compounds that do not contain
both carbon and hydrogen
•
Organic – compounds that contain both
carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic or Organic?
•
H2O
•
NaCl
•
CH4
•
C6H12O6
The Role of Carbon in Organisms
•
•
•
Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell
This allows carbon to bond with many
different atoms
So, carbon forms the “backbone” of many
life substances!
The Role of Carbon in Organisms
Bonds show
sharing of electrons
w The term “organic”
refers to molecules
containing carbon
w
Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Biochemistry
Chemistry)
(Carbon
w
Life chemistry/Organic chemistry
w
Polymers – long chains of repeating molecules
w
Monomers (building blocks) – the small molecules
that make up polymers
Polymers
•
4 major groups of
biomolecules (organic
compounds):
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids
MONOSACCHARIDES
FATTY ACIDS
AMINO
ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
Carbohydrates
What are the characteristics of a
Carbohydrate?
•
Elements:
• C,H,O 2:1 H:O Ratio
•
monomers (building blocks)
• monosaccharides
Carbohydrates
w
3 groups:
• monosaccharides - simple sugars
• examples - glucose, fructose, galactose
• C6H12O6
• Isomers – have the same molecular formula, but
different structural formulas
• disaccharides - double sugars
• examples - sucrose, maltose, lactose
• C12H22O11
• polysaccharides - many sugars (chains of glucose)
• Complex sugars
• examples - starch (plant storage), cellulose (cell
wall), and glycogen (animal starch – it is stored in
the liver)
Glycogen
Carbohydrate Functions
•
•
Quick Energy - Glucose
POLYSACCHARIDES –
• STARCH – energy storage
• CELLULOSE – fiber in animal diets and
structure in plants
– Fiber is also called Roughage!! We can’t digest
this, so it helps push our food/feces through our
digestive tract!
How Glucose (C6H12O6)
is used.
•
•
•
Produced in Photosynthesis
Transferred through Food Chains
Broken down in Cellular Respiration
Practice
Wrap-up
•
•
List the 3 elements that make up all
carbohydrates.
List the 3 different groups of carbohydrates.
Glucose Song
Make some carbohydrates using
blocks!
w
Your group needs to make a
monosaccharide, disaccharide, and
polysaccharide and show Mrs. Cruce!
Carbohydrate posters
• Get the instructions from Mrs. Cruce!
Review Carbohydrates
•
•
•
Quickly review mono vs. di vs. poly
saccharides!!
Go over yesterday’s wrap-up
Biomolecules Graphic Organizer
Honor’s only –
Hydrolysis and
Dehydration Synthesis
HONORS ONLY: HYDROLYSIS
w
HYDRO (WATER)
APART)
LYSIS (BREAK
• LARGE MOLECULES ARE BROKEN
INTO SMALL MOLECULES
• Used in Heterotrophic Nutrition –
Digestion!
w
MALTOSE + WATER ----> GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
Hydrolysis
HONORS ONLY –
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
DEHYDRATION (REMOVAL OF
WATER)
w SYNTHESIS (TO PUT TOGETHER)
w
• SMALL MOLECULES ARE PUT
TOGETHER INTO LARGE MOLECULES
• Example – protein synthesis,
photosynthesis
w
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE ---> MALTOSE + WATER
Dehydration Synthesis
Honors – Dehydration Synthesis/Hydrolysis Review
Dehydration Synthesis vs.
Hydrolysis Animation
HONORS
ONLY!! Cutout Carbs
w
w
w
w
w
w
Draw 3 glucose molecules and cut them out on the
solid lines only.
Attempt to put them together…do they fit like a
puzzle?
What should you do to make them fit together?
Cut along the dashed lines.
Will they now fit?
What 2 substances are formed when you make the
dashed cuts and put them together?
Carb Pre-Lab
•
•
Indicators
Chemical Indicators change color in the
presence of another chemical
• Examples – pH paper, litmus paper,
Bromothymol blue, phenolphthalein, cabbage
juice, benedict’s solution, iodine
•
See the next slide for some lab safety tips!!
Chemistry Lab Safety
•
The hot plates are very HOT!
• Make sure cords are wrapped around bench leg!
• Unplug Hot plates when you are completed!
•
•
•
•
Please make sure dropper bottle tops are
tightened when you are not using
them…they spill easily!
DO NOT MIX CHEMICALS!
Benedict’s will be heated
Iodine will NOT be heated
Carb Lab set-up – Each group
needs:
Goggles and lab apron
w Hot plate (there are only 6 total)
w Test tube rack with 6 test tubes
w Iodine, Benedict’s solution, and Water
(dropper bottles)
w 1 beaker
w Test tube clamps
w
After testing your carbohydrates,
please take notes on lipids.
Wrap-up
•
Compare elements, monomers, and groups
of carbohydrates vs. lipids.
Carbohydrate Smartboard
Review
Carbohydrate Post-Lab
Benedict’s is normally blue, but turns orange,
yellow, or green in the presence of
monosaccharides.
Solutions need to be
HEATED with
Benedict’s
Carbohydrate Post-Lab
Iodine is normally yellow/brown, but turns
dark purple/black in the presence of starch
(polysaccharides)!
Solutions do
NOT need to
Be heated!!!
Organic Chemistry Lab –
Carbohydrate Tests A and B
•
Review Part A and Part B Lab Analysis
Questions
Carb Smartboard Activity
Lipids
What are the characteristics of a
Lipid?
LIPIDS
•
Elements are:
• C,H,O – many more hydrogens than
oxygens (very little oxygen)
•
•
MONOMERS - FATTY ACIDS
COMMON LIPIDS - FATS, OILS,
AND WAXES
•
MOST COMMON TYPE OF LIPID:
• TRIGLYCERIDE
• (3 FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL)
•
TWO GROUPS OF LIPIDS:
• SATURATED, UNSATURATED
SATURATED LIPIDS
SINGLE BONDS ONLY BETWEEN
CARBONS
w SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
w CLASSIFIED AS FATS IN
ANIMALS
w EXAMPLE – CHOLESTEROL, butter,
fat in bacon and meat
w
UNSATURATED LIPIDS
DOUBLE BONDS AS WELL AS
SINGLE BONDS BETWEEN
CARBONS
w LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
w CLASSIFIED AS OILS IN PLANTS
w
FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
INSULATION
w PROTECTIVE COATING
w LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE
w MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANES
w
Where Lipids are found in cells
The membranes around organelles
w The cell membrane
w Cholesterol – helps maintain the structure of
the membrane
w
Fatty Acid abbreviated structure
What do you think the 3 dots
in the middle of this formula
indicate?
It is showing that there are
more CH2 molecules attached
like you see on the left side of
the structure…it is showing
repeating units, there just
wasn’t enough room for them
to put the entire LONG
structure.
Wrap-up: Compare Carbohydrates
and Lipids
w
Monomers
w
Elements
w
Major Groups
w
Examples
Biomolecules Graphic
Organizer- Carbs and Lipids
w
See Next Slide!!!
Ch 6
Study
Guide
Lipid Chemical Test
Lipids are transparent on brown
paper bags (or paper towels)!
Lipid Chemical Tests
Lipid Chemical Test Wrap-up
•
•
Which test did you use to test Lipids?
What did a positive reaction demonstrate?
Proteins and Enzymes
What are the characteristics of a
Protein?
C,H,O,N
w MONOMERS - AMINO ACIDS (AA)
w
• 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
Peptide bonds hold
Amino Acids together!!
PROTEINS
w
STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID
•
•
•
•
•
CENTRAL CARBON
R GROUP (CHANGES FROM AA TO AA)
CARBOXYL GROUP - COOH
AMINO GROUP - NH2
HYDROGEN ATOM
w Functions
of Proteins
• structure, support, transport, and
speeding up chemical reactions
COMMON PROTEINS
SKIN
w HAIR
w SPIDER WEBS
w HEMOGLOBIN
w INSULIN
w MALTASE
w ALBUMIN
w MEAT
w enzymes
w
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged
How proteins are used
Insulin – lowers your blood sugar
w Hemoglobin – found in blood - carries
oxygen
w Enzymes – help with all chemical processes
in cells.
w
Review
How can you differentiate between an
organic and inorganic compound?
w How are monomers related to polymers?
w What are the elements that make up both
carbohydrates and lipids?
w What about proteins?
w What are the monomers of
carbohydrates?
w What are the monomers of lipids?
w What are the monomers of proteins?
w
Protein Biuret Test
ENZYMES - MOST
IMPORTANT PROTEINS!!!
w
w
w
w
w
LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY (the energy
required to start a chemical reaction)
ORGANIC CATALYSTS (speed up reactions)
ARE CONSTANTLY REUSED
DENATURATION - WHEN AN ENZYME
BREAKS DOWN DUE TO: PH, TEMPERATURE,
ETC. (the enzyme changes shape)
RATES OF ENZYMES CAN BE AFFECTED BY
PH, TEMP, ENZYME CONCENTRATION,
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION.
Enzyme Animation – this is good!
PH SCALE
A MEASURE OF THE H+
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
(acid/base)
w EXCESS HYDROGEN IONS (H+) ACIDS
w
• ACID EXAMPLE- HCl (HYDROCHLORIC
ACID)
w
EXCESS HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-) BASES
• BASE EXAMPLE - NaOH (SODIUM
HYDROXIDE)
PH SCALE - 0-14
ACIDIC – below 7
w NEUTRAL - 7
w BASIC – above 7
w
w
LITMUS PAPER
• RED/PINK - ACID
• BLUE - BASE
Buffers
Found in most biological fluids, such as
blood
w Add H+ or OH- to the solution so the pH
will remain neutral
w Minimize changes in pH
w
Honor’s
w
Enzyme Foldable Instructions!
Denaturation Video Clip – click
on the black box!
ENZYMES
OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE - IDEAL
TEMPERATURE
w SUBSTRATE - MOLECULE THAT AN
ENZYME AFFECTS
w Active Site – the place on an enzyme where
w
the substrate attaches to it
ENZYMES
w CHEMICALLY SPECIFIC – only join with certain
substrates because of shape
•
•
•
•
w
LIPASE
PROTEASE
MALTASE
SUCRASE
ENZYMES CAN BREAK APART
MOLECULES OR PUT THEM
TOGETHER!!
Interpret this graph and answer
question #2
Now Interpret this graph and
answer question #3
What would happen to the activity of this enzyme?
When would it denature?
What would happen to the activity of this enzyme?
Does it denature in any of these pH solutions?
Would adding more substrate increase the rate of the
reaction once the enzyme reaches the point of
saturation?
What are the characteristics of an
Enzyme?
True or False:
w Enzymes are carbohydrates.
w Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
w Enzymes have the elements C, H, O, N
w The monomers of enzymes are fatty acids
w Denaturation is taking the nature out of an
area.
w A substrate is a type of enzyme.
w
Cool Digestion Video Clip
Wrap-up
w
Compare elements and monomers of
proteins and nucleic acids.
Take Ch 6 Voc Quiz
w Do protein chemical test
w Take notes on Nucleic Acids
w Work on Protein and Nucleic Acid Posters
w
Protein Chemical Tests
Review Enzymes!!!
w
See the next couple of slides!!
Enzymes – SmartBoard
Nucleic Acids
NUCLEIC ACIDS
C,H,O,N,P
w MONOMERS - NUCLEOTIDES
w 3 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS:
w
• DNA - GENETIC CODE
• RNA - INVOLVED IN PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
• ATP - HIGH ENERGY MOLECULE
WHICH IS MADE IN CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Nucleic Acids are used:
w
DNA and RNA used to make Proteins!!!
• DNA - In cell nucleus
• RNA – travel from nucleus to ribosome
(messenger), make up ribsome (ribosomal), free
floating in cytoplasm (transfer)
w
For energy = ATP
Figure 16.3 The structure of a DNA strand
Nucleotide Structure:
• House
• Pool
• Garage
Ch 6
Study
Guide
Honor’s - Chemistry Warm-up
Please summarize this unit – think of a word
that we studied that begins with these letters!!
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
C
H
E
M
I
S
T
R
Y
Enzyme Catalase Lab Review
•
•
•
•
•
After the test, please complete your
analysis questions if you did not complete
them…get a green lab sheet from my front
desk!
What was the purpose of this lab (what did
it teach you)?
What were some things that caused the
catalase to denature?
Which was the enzyme in this experiment?
Which was the substrate?
Please staple your Biochemistry
Posters together!!
w
Then, turn them in!
Chemistry Jeopardy
I have uploaded this to Edmodo!!
w It is a great resource for you to study for
your test…
w
• You also need to study your biomolecules
graphic organizer!!!
• You also need to study your notes!!!
The Tree of Life Activity
Ticket Out the Door
E
wN
wZ
wY
wM
wE
wS
w
Warm-up – What are the
characteristics of an enzyme?
w
Try to come up with words associated with chemistry or
enzymes using these letters!!!
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
E
N
Z
Y
M
E
S
What are the characteristics of a
Nucleic Acid?
N
wU
wC
wL
wE
wI
wC
w
A
C
I
D
Warm-up
What are the 3 types of Nucleic Acids and
what are their functions?
w How are acids different from bases?
w Where would you find more hydrogen ions
(acid or base)?
w Where would you find more hydroxide ions
(acid or base)?
w
Review
w
w
w
w
w
w
List the 4 groups of biomolecules.
List the 3 groups of carbohydrates.
List the 2 groups of lipids.
Which is the most important group of
proteins?
List the 3 types of Nucleic Acids.
Please make sure you look over the
Biochemistry Graphic Organizer for your
Chemistry Test!!!
Chemistry Crossword Puzzle
w
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/activiti
es/bdol/bdolxwords/BDOLXWCH06.HTM
L?iRef=6&iChapter=6&book=bio2000
Chemistry Warm-up #4 Ban
Dihydrogen Monoxide
w
Read the article “Ban Dihydrogen
Monoxide.” Can you guess what this
compound is?
• If you know, please don’t tell anyone…make
them figure it out!!
Hyponatremia
Video
Honor’s – “Supersize me” Video
clip – click the black box