Transcript Biochemistry PPT

Biochemistry
Chapter 2
Sections 3 & 4
Carbon
 Why


is carbon so special?
Atomic # 6
4 valence electrons
 Electrons
for bonds

in outermost shell that are available
Can make up to 4 covalent bonds
 When
 Building
electrons are shared
block for the biomolecules of life!
4 Macromolecules
Proteins
People
Lipids
Love
Carbohydrates
Chicken
Nucleic
NuggetsAcids
Macromolecules
 Every

macromolecule has
Monomer
 Single

unit of a whole
Polymer
 Many
units or monomers bonded together
DELICIOUS CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates
 Made

of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
Unique 1:2:1 pattern
 Used
for energy mostly and sometimes for
structure in plants
 Monomer: monosaccharide
 2 monomers: disaccharide
 Polymer: polysaccharide
Units of Carbs
 There



Glucose – our energy source
Fructose - sweetener
Galactose – not as common
 There



are 3 monosaccharides
are 3 polysaccharides
Glycogen – how we store carbs
Starch – how plants store carbs
Cellulose – structure in plants
Links
 https://www.wisc-
online.com/learn/generaleducation/anatomy-andphysiology1/ap13104/biomolecules-thecarbohydrates
 http://www.tv411.org/science/tv411whats-cooking/carbohydrates-sciencelesson/activity/1/1
LIPIDS
(FATS & OILS)
Lipids
 Made
of carbon & hydrogen
 Does not dissolve in water
 Four types of lipids




Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids
Triglycerides - FATS
 Saturated

Have no double bonds in their fatty acid
chains – maximum # of H atoms
 Straight


Fat
chain
Usually animal fats
Solid at room temperature
Triglycerides
Triglycerides – OILS
 Unsaturated

Have at least one double bond in their fatty
acid chain
 Forms


Fat
a kink in the chain
Usually oils and from plants
Liquid at room temperature
Phospholipid
Phospholipid
 Two
fatty acid chains
 Found in all cells
 Makes up the cell membrane
 2 layers of phospholipids  lipid bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer
Wax
 One
fatty acid chain to a glycerol
 Makes cells waterproof
 Create protective layer in animals and
plants
Steroids
 No
fatty acid chain
 Four carbon rings linked together
 Usually our hormones
 Ex: Cholesterol is found in our cell
membranes
Links
 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesi
ty/obesity_molecular/01.html
 http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
AP13204
NUCLEIC ACID
Nucleic Acids
 Contains
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus
Nucleic Acids
 Monomer



= nucleotide
5 carbon sugar
Phosphorous group
Nitrogenous base
Properties
 Store
genetic information
 Two kinds of nucleic acids


DNA
RNA
Protein
 Macromolecules
with carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
 Monomer: amino acid
 2 monomers: dipeptide
 Polymer: polypeptide
Amino Acids
 Each



amino acid has three main groups
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group (changes)
 Change
the shape and properties of the
amino acid
Amino Acid
Glycine
R group
 The
R group makes each amino acid
different
 There are 20 possible amino acids based
off this one group
 The R group is = variable
Proteins
 Covalent
bond in proteins is
called a peptide bond
 Links amino acids together
 For every peptide bond,
one molecule of water is
formed
Links
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=va0D
NJId_CM
 https://www.wisconline.com/learn/generaleducation/anatomy-andphysiology1/ap13304/biomolecules---theproteins
Chemical Reaction
A
process the changes
one set of chemicals into
another
 Reactants

Elements or compounds
that enter or start a
chemical reaction
 Products

Elements or compounds
that leave or end a
chemical reaction
Reactants
Products
Energy Sources
 Organisms
need to carry
our reactions that
require energy

Plants make their energy
from the sun, animals
get their energy from
foods eaten
 Activation

energy
The energy needed to
start a reaction
Enzymes
 Enzyme
catalyst

is a type of protein that is a
Catalysts start a reaction
 Without
enzymes, reactions would take
happen too slow to sustain life’s functions
 Three functions



Start a reaction
Speed up a reaction
Lower activation energy
Enzymes
 Each
enzyme has an area known as the
active site

Where a specific molecule binds and a
reaction occurs
 The

molecule binding is called a substrate
Similar to a lock and key
Enzyme conditions
 Enzymes


work at a specific conditions
Temperature
pH
 If
not in desired conditions, this causes
enzyme to change shape and lose its
function

Called denaturation
 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webconten
t/animations/content/proteinstructure.ht
ml
Fold it!
 Help
scientists figure out protein folding
 This game is open to the public
 The first hundred puzzles are known
proteins
 But many proteins are not decoded and
scientists are asking for our help to figure
them out
 http://fold.it/