Transcript ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
•
Compounds that have:
– Carbon atoms bonded to each
other and to hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous,
chlorine OR fluorine
– COVALENT BONDS
•
Can be natural (ex. sugar) or
synthetic (ex. plastic)
Organic molecules
•
All contain CARBON
•
Can covalently bond w/ 4 other
atoms
•
Holds electrons
tightly: forms
STRONG BONDS
Chemical Composition
•
Living organisms =
50-95% water
•
The rest = CHNOPS
•
Less than 1/2% = vital ions
– Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, etc.
4 Major Groups of Organic Molecules
Essential to Living Things
GROUP
ELEMENTS
Carbohydrates (C H 2 O) (2-8)
Lipids
CHO
Proteins
CHON +
"R" GROUPS
Nucleic Acids
CHONP
BUILDING
BLOCKS
Monosaccharides
3 Fatty Acids
1 glycerol
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
(Nitrogenous base,
sugar, phosphate)
Carbohydrates (sugars)
•
•
(CH2O)(2-8) basic formula
Simple sugars = quick energy source
– Glucose, fructose
– Form rings when in water
Disaccharides
•
Transport molecules
– Sucrose (sap in plants)
– Lactose, Maltose
Polysaccharides
•
•
Storage (starches)
Structural support (cellulose, chitin)
Monomers to
Polymers
•
Condensation
links single units
– Saves space
•
Hydrolysis breaks
chains apart
– Releases energy
Saccharide Formation
•
Condensation links monosaccharides
Starches
•
Main storage molecules in plants
– Chains of simple sugars that
must be broken down before
they can be used
Glycogen
•
Main storage molecule in animals
– Stored in muscles
– Broken down when glucose is no
longer available
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
•
•
LONG hydrocarbon chains, that are
insoluble in water (nonpolar)
Fats store energy 6 times better
than starch, carry more energy-rich
bonds
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
OH
Fatty acid - carbon chain + carboxyl unit
Fats
•
Glycerol
•
3 fatty
acids
•
Joined by
condensation
Saturated Vs. Unsaturated
•
Saturated = single bonds ONLY in
carbon chain
– Carbons “saturated” w/ hydrogen
•
Unsaturated = double or triple bonds
Saturated
Unsaturated
Blubber
•
•
Fats that DON'T get converted
– Vital as an insulating layer
Fats around
organs aren’t
converted
– Shock
absorbers
Steroids
•
Cholesterol (saturated)
– “Parent” molecule of many steriods
Proteins
•
Can form enzymes
– Act as organic catalysts
– Allow reactions to occur in living
bodies at safe
temperatures
Nucleotides
(DNA, RNA)
•
Nitrogenous base + sugar
+ phosphate molecule
•
Form the code of life
Organic Compounds
•
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides  Disaccharides  Polysaccharides
(Condensation Reaction)
•
Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes
(Saturated vs. Unsaturated)
•
Proteins
Chains of Amino Acids (20 different amino acids)
Enzymes
•
Nucleic Acids
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Nucleotides (Sugar, Phosphate, Base)