Transcript Presentation1 - Etiwanda E

You Are What You
Eat
How Biochemistry
Keeps Us Alive
What Are the Essential
Polymers to Keep Us Alive?
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
What Are a Polymers?
• Molucules made up if many small organic
molecules that link together to form long
chains
• Greek definition poly- means many
meros – means part
• Chemical reaction called polymerization
when chains are formed
What Are Proteins?
• Polymers containing chains of amino
acids
• Body needs protein to survive
• Speed up chemical reactions within the
body
• Structural materials: ligaments, tendons,
muscle, cartilage, hair, and fingernails
• Hemoglobin – carries substance in the
blood
Protein
• Body makes many proteins on its own
• 8 of the 21 amino acids are not produced
by your body – essential proteins – must
be eaten from food
• Essential amino acids – dairy, meat, nuts,
eggs, and beans
• When amino acids link – water molecule
is released
What are Carbohydrates?
• Sugars and straches
• Organic compound containing only carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
• Ratio = 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen, 1 carbon
• Carbo = carbon Hydrate = water
• Body breaks carbohydrates into simple
sugar – used for energy
Sugars
• Simple sugars contain 5, 6, or 7 carbon
atoms arranged in a ring
• Glucose and fructose – 6 carbon
carbohydrates
• Glucose and fructose found in naturally
sweet food like fruit and honey
Sucrose
• Combination of glucose and fructose –
complex sugar
• Cannot move through cell membranes as
sucrose
• Must be broken down into fructose and
glucose
• Water must be added to create two simple
sugars
Starches
• Large carbohydrates
• Grains – rice, wheat and corn
• Hundreds of thousands of sugar molecules
join together
• Sugar molecule releases energy when it is
broken down.
• Great source of energy
Cellulose
• Glucose polymer that consists of long
chains of glucose units linked
• Forms long stiff fibers
• Celery
What Are Lipids?
• Organic compound that contains carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen – different ratios
• 3 long-chain carboxylic acids bound to
alcohol – glycerol
• Three –OH groups
• Fats, oils, grease, waxes (such as bees
wax)
Lipids Store Energy
• More concentrated source of energy than
carbohydrates
• Eat more food than you burn – stored as
permanent fat
• Endothermic chemical reaction – energy
is absorbed
• Bonds broken – energy released
Saturated Lipids
•
•
•
•
Single bonds mean saturated
Able to pack together closely
Rigid – create solid fat
Butter and bacon are saturated fat –
stearic acid
Unsaturated Lipids
• Molecule bends wherever there is a
double bond
• Chain can’t pack closely together –
usually a liquid
• Olive and canola oil – unsaturated – oleic
acid
Cholesterol Facts #1
• Complex lipid – comes from animals:
meat, butter, eggs, and cheese
• Your body also makes cholesterol
• Body needs cholesterol to build cell
membranes
• Not found in plants – plant oil is
cholesterol free
Cholesterol Facts #2
• High levels of cholesterol can lead to
plaque
• Atherosclerosis – high blood pressure
• Heart disease and other heart problems
• Eat less saturated fat and cholesterol –
reduce the risk of heart trouble.
Comprehension Questions Part
1
•
•
•
•
What is a polymer?
What three polymers do you need to live?
How many amino acids are there?
Give one example of something on your
body that is made up of protein?
• List three foods that contain protein.
• What are the two different names for
simple sugar?
Comprehension Questions Part
2
• What is the name of a complex sugar?
• What has to happen to sucrose before it
can move through cell membranes?
• Give an example of a starch.
• Give three examples of lipids.
• What type of bond does a saturated fat
have?
Comprehension Questions #3
• List one food that has saturated fat.
• What type of bond does an unsaturated
fat have?
• List one food that has unsaturated fat.
• What two places does cholesterol come
from?
• What happens if you have too much
cholesterol in your blood?
Works Cited