Transcript Slide 1

Design and Implementation of VLSI Systems
(EN1600)
Lecture 14: Power Dissipation
Prof. Sherief Reda
Division of Engineering, Brown University
Spring 2008
[sources: Weste/Addison Wesley – Rabaey/Pearson]
S. Reda EN160 SP’08
Power and Energy
• Power is drawn from a voltage source
attached to the VDD pin(s) of a chip.
• Instantaneous Power: P(t )  iDD (t )VDD
• Energy:
• Average Power:
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T
T
0
0
E   P(t )dt   iDD (t )VDDdt
T
E 1
Pavg    iDD (t )VDD dt
T T 0
Dynamic power
• Dynamic power is required to charge and discharge
load capacitances when transistors switch.
•
•
•
•
One cycle involves a rising and falling output.
On rising output, charge Q = CVDD is required
On falling output, charge is dumped to GND
VDD
This repeats Tfsw times
iDD(t)
over an interval of T
fsw
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C
Dynamic power dissipation
Vdd
Vin
Vout
CL
load capacitance
(gate + diffusion +
interconnects)
Energy delivered by the supply during input 1  0 transition:
Energy stored at the capacitor at the end of 1  0 transition:
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dissipated in NMOS
during discharge
(input: 0  1)
Capacitive dynamic power
 If the gate is switched on and off f01 (switching factor) times
per second, the power consumption is given by
 For entire circuit
where αi is activity factor [0..0.5] in comparison to the clock
frequency (which has switching factor of 1)
Pdynamic  CVDD2 f
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Short circuit current
• When transistors switch, both nMOS and pMOS
networks may be momentarily ON at once
• Leads to a blip of “short circuit” current.
• < 10% of dynamic power if rise/fall times are
comparable for input and output
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Dynamic power breakup
Gate
34%
Interconnect
51%
Diffusion
15%
Total dynamic Power
[source: Intel’03]
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Static (leakage) power
• Static power is consumed even when chip is
quiescent.
– Leakage draws power from nominally OFF
devices
Vgs Vt
I ds  I ds 0e
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nvT
Vds


vT
1  e 


Techniques for low-power design
• Reduce dynamic power
–
–
–
–
Pdynamic  CVDD2 f
: clock gating, sleep mode
C: small transistors (esp. on clock), short wires
VDD: lowest suitable voltage
f: lowest suitable frequency
I1
I2
Clock
O1
I3
I4
Enable
I5
I
6
Clock Gating
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O2
critical
path
only reduce supply voltage of
non critical gates
Dynamic power reduction via dynamic VDD
scaling
• Scaling down supply voltage Pdynamic  CVDD f
2
– reduces dynamic power
– reduces saturation current
 increases delay  reduce the frequency
Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS): Supply and voltage of the
circuit should dynamic adjust according to the workload of
criticality of the tasks running on the circuits
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Leakage reduction via adjusting of Vth
• Leakage depends exponentially on Vth. How to control Vth?
– Remember: Vth also controls your saturation current  delay
2. Body Bias
1. Oxide thickness
Sol1: statically choose high
Vt cells for non critical gates
I1
I2
O1
I3
I4
I5
I
6
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O2
critical
path
Sol2: dynamically adjust the bias of
the body
• idle: increase Vt (e.g. by applying
–ve body bias on NMOS)
• Active: reduce Vt (e.g.: by
applying +ve body bias on NMOS)
Leakage reduction via Cooling
 Impact of temperature on leakage current
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Summary
We are still in chapter 4:
 Delay estimation
 Power estimation
 Interconnects and wire engineering
 Scaling theory
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