Transcript Species - SchoolRack

Kingdoms &
Classification
Systems: SB3bcd
Alive?
• To be considered living, an organism must…
– Contain all characteristics of life:
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DNA
Reproduce
Use energy
Adapt
Respond to Stimuli
Made of cells
Grow and Develop
Leopard Gecko
Leaf Tailed Gecko
Kingdom Anamalia
Anamalia
Phylum Chordata
Chordata
Class Reptilia
Order Squamata
Reptilia
Squamata
Family Gekkonidae
Gekkonidae
Genus Eublepharis
Uroplatus
Speciesmacularius
phantaticus
WHY CLASSIFY?
To know how many known species
there are in the world
To know the characteristics of each
species
To know the relationships between
species
Three Domain System –recent molecular analysis
has given rise to new taxonomic category- Domain
(3 Domains)
Tree of Life evolves- from original two Kingdoms
(Plant and Animal) there are now 6 Kingdoms
7 Kingdom = Largest Group
6 Phylum
5 Class
4 Order
3 Family
2 Genus
1 Species
KINDGOM ARCHEABACTERIA
Domain: Archea
• Common chara:
– Most primitive
– Extreme conditions:
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Halophilic: salt-loving (halophiles)
Thermophilic: heat-loving (thermophiles)
Acidophilic: acid-loving (acidophiles)
Chemophiles
Methanogens
Prokaryote
Heterotrophs, some chemotrophs
Unicellular
Reproduce: mostly asexually
Movement: some can move via pili,
flagella & some are immobile
• Habitat: extreme environments
• Three main
types – salt
loving, heat
loving, and
methane makers,
harsh
environments
Kingdom Archaebacteria
This hot, sulfur-rich, acidic pool in Yellowstone
National Park is home to species of Archea,
including Sulfolobus.
Some archaens live 1000’s of miles deep
in the ocean near superheated volcanic
vents.
KINDGOM EUBACTERIA
Domain: Bacteria/ Prokarya
• Common chara:
• Roles:
– Classified by cell membrane throgh gram
staining
– Peptidoglycan cell wall:
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Prokaryote
Heterotrophs, some autotrophs
Unicellular
Reproduce: asexually; evolve quickly
Movement: some can move via pili,
flagella & some are immobile
• Habitat: ubiquitous (found everywhere)
decomposers, food
makers, help digest
food, clean oil
spills, makes
nitrogen rich
soil(helps plants
grow), etc.
• Examples:
E. coli,
Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus,
Clostridium
tetani
Examples of Eubacteria
Anthrax
Bacteria help digest
food
Strep
E. Coli
Binary Fission
Blue green algae
KINDGOM PROTISTAE (Protist)
Domain: Eukarya
• Common chara: (misfits)
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Eukaryotic- nucleated
Some plant-like (autotrophic)
Some animal-like (heterotropic)
Some fungal-like
Small, but larger than bacteria
• Mostly unicellular, some multicellular
Reproduce: mostly asexually
• Movement: some can move via cilia,
flagella, pseudopods
• Habitat: aquatic, moist environments
• Examples –
Euglena,
paramecium,
amoeba, slime
mold, volvox,
algae, diatoms,
giant kelp
Examples of Protists
Paramecium
Algae
Amoeba
Volvox
Euglena Fission
Stentor
Red algae
KINDGOM FUNGAE (Fungi)
Domain: Eukarya
• Common chara:
– Eukaryotic- nucleated
– Cell wall, made of chitin
• Heterotropic-cannot make own food
– Decomposers-gain energy from
breaking down and absorbing dead
tissues from plants and animals
• Multicellular & unicellular (yeast)
• Reproduce: sexually &/or asexually
• Movement: cannot move on their
own (sessile)
• Habitat: aquatic or terrestrial
• Examples –
yeast,
mushrooms,
mold, mildew,
athletes foot,
ringworm
Examples of Fungi
Athletes Foot
Bread mold
mushroom
Foot Fungus
yeast
ringworm
Bread mold
magnified
KINDGOM PLANTAE (Plant)
Domain: Eukarya
• Common chara:
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Eukaryotic- nucleated
Chloroplast for photosynthesis
Cell wall, made of cellulose
Spec. vascular tissue to move water
• Autotrophic-can make own food
(producers)
• multicellular
• reproduce: mostly sexually, but
asexually or both also
• Movement: cannot move on their
own (sessile)
• Habitat: aquatic or terrestrial
• Examples –
rose, cactus,
grass, daisy,
ferns, moss,
trees, Elodea
(aquatic)
Examples of Plant Kingdom
KINDGOM ANIMALIA (Animal)
Domain: Eukarya
• Common chara:
– Eukaryotic- nucleated
– specialized, membrane-bound
organelles
– centrioles for cell division
– Specialized tissues that make up organs
• Heterotropic-cannot make own food
• multicellular
• reproduce: mostly sexually, but
asexually or both also
• Movement: walk, crawl, swim
• Habitat: aquatic or terrestrial
• Examples –
Humans,
crustaceans,
spiders,
insects, fish,
birds,
mammals,
sponges,
hydras, coral,
worms, etc.
Examples of Animals
Sea horse
Sea anemone
hydra
butterfly
Poison
Dart
frog
Great
White
Shark
human
Let’s Practice
Which kingdom does each
organism belong?
Eubacteria
Animal
Protists
protists
plant
Fungus
Animal
animal
Fungus
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
WARMUP:
1. Define: classification, taxonomy
List 3 ways humans use classification
every day.
Classification of living things
THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION
Humans naturally like to put objects into
groups in order to make sense out of the
world around us.
For example, at home you organize your
socks from your pants, your forks from
your cups.
Classification Taxonomy -
Grouping objects according
to their similar
characteristics.
The science of naming & classifying living
things. A taxon is a group of
organisms in a classification system.
WHY CLASSIFY?
To know how many known species
there are in the world
To know the characteristics of each
species
To know the relationships between
species
SCIENTISTS BEHIND TAXONOMY
Aristotle was the
first person to come up
with a classification
system for living
things. He divided
animals into three
groups: those that
walked, those that
swam and those that
flew. Why was this
not the best
classification system
for animals?
NOT SO FAST ARISTOTLE!!!
In the 1700’s, Carolus
Linnaeus disagreed with
Aristotle’s classification
system. He invented the
modern classification system we
use today. It is called
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE.
Today, scientists group
organisms not only by their
physical characteristics BUT
by their evolutionary
relationships (ancient
ancestors).
LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
Binomial Nomenclature – A naming system that
gives every living thing a TWO word name. This
unique two word name is called the SCIENTIFIC
NAME.
Uses LATIN the language of scientists.
Scientific names are always written in
italics if typed or underlined if
handwritten
The first word is the GENUS and is always
CAPITALIZED.
The second word is the SPECIES and is always
LOWER CASE.
White oak:
Quercus alba
WHY TWO NAMES FOR
EVERYTHING?
 Because people speak in more than one
language
Because people give objects more than one
name.
for example: What is the name of
this cat?
Mountain lion All are correct
but its ONE
puma
cougar scientific
name is Felis
American
concolor
Lion
LET’S PRACTICE
Which scientific names are written correctly?
HOMO SAPIEN
Tyrannosaurus rex
panthera leo
Canis Lupus
Felis
domesticus
elephas Maximus
LOOKING FOR RELATIONSHIPS
Remember that one of the goals of
classification is to find out how certain living
things may be related to one another.
What makes a living thing part of the
Animal Kingdom?
Cannot
Eukaryotic
Multicellular Locomotion make its
own food
ARE ALL OF THESE ANIMALS?
7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
**A scientific name is
the genus and species.
Katie
Put
Cream
On
Fresh
Green
Strawberries
• A genus includes one or more physically
similar species.
– Species in the same genus are thought to be
closely related.
– Genus name is always capitalized.
• A species descriptor is the second part of a
scientific name.
– always lowercase
– always follows genus
name; never written alone
Tyto alba
• Scientific names help scientists to
communicate.
– Some species have very similar common
names.
– Some species have many common names.
Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
• Each level
is included
in the
level
above it.
• Levels get
increasingly
more
specific
from
kingdom to
species.
Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of
PHYLOGENY OF MAN
an organism
Kingdom -
Animalia
Phylum -
Chordata (having a spinal cord)
Class -
Mammalia (have hair, give milk)
Order -
Primates (walk mostly on 2 legs)
Family -
Hominidae (advanced brain that can
think and reason)
Genus -
Homo
Species -
sapien
PHYLOGENY OF THE WOLF
Kingdom -
Animalia
Phylum -
Chordata
Class -
Mammalia
Order -
Carnivora
Family -
Canidae
Genus Species -
(carnivoran)
Canis
lupus
(dog-like carnivores)
The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
• Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for
molecular evidence.
– The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’
time.
– Linnaean system based only on physical
similarities.
• Physical similarities
are not always the
result of close
relationships (i.e.
tails).
• Genetic
similarities more
accurately show
evolutionary
relationships.
How to Classify Organisms:
Identification Keys- an aid biologists have
developed to identify unknown organisms
a. Requires that you know something about
organism- skeletal structure, segmentation,
symmetry, etc.
b. Dichotomous key- most common type of key
i. Gives two choices (opposite statements)
ii. Choose best answer
iii. Led to further choices that narrow
selection
iv. Eventually identify organism
c. Different keys developed for different purposes
0mm
10
20
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Cladograms- shows evolutionary relationships
among group of organisms (family tree)