Transcript Classification2015 - Ardsley Middle School

Classification
The world is filled with life!
Questions
• How do we name them?
• How do we figure out each organism's
evolutionary history?
• How do we figure out which organisms are
related?
History
• Scientists named organisms after
themselves
– Ex. Thompson’s Gazelle
• What does this gazelle look like?
• What can we learn from its name?
• Which organisms is it related to?
Gazella thomsonii
Science of Naming
• Taxonomy
• Classification and naming
• Carolus Linnaeus
– Binomial Nomenclature
• Give two scientific names to an organism (Genus
and species name)
• Genus Name (Capitalized), species (lower case)
• Both names italicized
• Names based on structural details
Taxonomic Categories:
From most inclusive to
least inclusive
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Domains
1) Bacteria (Prokaryotic)
2) Archaea (Prokaryotic)
3) Eukarya (Eukaryotic)
Name this mosquito!
• How do we identify organisms in the field if
they have been classified?
Dichotomous
Keys
Kingdoms
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Arcaebacteria & Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Bacteria
• Prokaryotes
– No Membrane-bound organelles
– No Cytoskeleton
– Many ribosomes
• Unicellular or colonial
• Autotrophic (ex. Cyanobacteria) or
Heterotrophic
Bacteria
• Archaebacteria
– Live in hostile environments
• Thermophiles, Halophiles, methanogens
– Unique ribosomes and fats
– No Peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Eubacteria
– Have peptidoglycans (sugar/protein complex) in cell
wall
– Most common
Bacteria General Anatomy
*May also
have an outer
Capsule
For attachment
and sex
Bacteria
• Gram Stain
Gram Negative
Gram Positive
Bacteria shapes
“Primitive” Medicine
Names
• Louis Pasteur
– Pioneer of Bacteriology and Immunity
– Pasteurization
• Robert Koch
– Germ Theory
– Koch’s Postulates on Disease
• Joseph Lister
– Antiseptic Surgery
– Aseptic Surgery
Kingdom Protista
• Most unicellular, some colonial and multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Phylum Protozoa (Animal-like)
• Phylum Algae (Plant-like)
Kingdom Fungi
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Parasitic or decomposers
Eukaryotic
Cell walls
Heterotrophic
Extracellular digestion
Kingdom Fungi
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Molds
Yeast
Mushroom
Rusts and smuts
Irish Potato Famine (1800s)
Phytophtora infestans: Used to be believed to
be classified as a fungus (“water-molds). More
like an algae
Kingdom Plantae
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Cell walls
Autotrophs
Can’t move on own
Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
Multicellular
Kingdom Plantae
• Phylum Bryophyta
– Mosses and Liverworts
– No true stems, leaves, roots or vascular tissue
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Kingdom Plantae
• Phylum Tracheophyta
– Has true roots, stems, leaves and vascular
tissue
– Class: Filicineae=Ferns
• Spores produced on leaves
Kingdom Plantae
• Class Gymnospermae
– Needle leaves
– Seeds in cones
– Evergreen
– Pine, Hemlock, spruce
Kingdom Plantae
• Class Angiospermae
– Seeds in fruit
– Broad leaves
– Not evergreen
– Subclasses:
• Monocots
• Dicots
Animalia
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Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Most numerous in species
Ex. Sponges (Porifera)
Ex. Hydra (Cnidaria)
Ex. Worms (Annelida)
Ex. Insects (Arthropoda)
Ex. Humans (Chordata)
Diseases and Organisms
Disease
Vector
Malaria
Mosquito
Typhus
Louse
Rabies
Mad Animals
Polio
Air
TB
Air
Smallpox
Air
Tetanus
Cut
Typhoid
oral
Diphtheria
oral/nasal
Hepatitis A-C
oral/blood
AIDS
Blood
Yellow Fever
Mosquito
Plague
Flea
African Sleeping Sickness Tsetse Fly
Lyme Disease
Deer Tick
Trichinosis
Oral
Hookworm
Invasive
Ringworm
lesion contact
Tapeworm
Oral
Agent
Plasmodium (protozoan)
Bacteria-like
Virus
Virus
Bacterium
Virus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Virus
Virus
Virus
Bacterium
Trypanosome (protozoan)
Spirochete bacterium
Worm
Worm
******Fungus
worm