Transcript chpt15sec3 - Ms-Jernigans-SS

Chapter 15
Medieval Europe
Section 3
Kingdoms and Crusaders
I. England in the Middle Ages (pgs. 535-537)
• King Alfred of Wessex, or Alfred the Great, united the AngloSaxon kingdoms and drove away the Vikings.
• King Alfred’s kingdom became known as “Angleland”, or
England.
• Alfred ruled England from A.D. 871 to A.D. 899
Who Was William the Conqueror?
• In the A.D. 900s Vikings conquered part of Western France.
• This region became known as Normandy, after the Vikings, or
Norsemen, who ruled it.
• Normandy was ruled by William, a cousin of King Edward of
England.
• When Edward died, William and
a noble named Harold Godwinson
fought for the right to rule
• In October 1066, William and his army of knights defeated
Harold at the Battle of Hastings.
• The Battle of Hastings was important because it resulted in all
lands of England being claimed by the Normans who
introduced feudalism to England.
• William was crowned king of England and became known as
William the Conqueror
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8A5gRe_Dw
• William ordered the first census in Europe since Roman
times that became known as the Domesday Book.
• The Normans brought their French customs with them and
eventually the two cultures merged into a new English
culture.
Henry II and Common Law
• Henry II ruled England from 1154-1189.
• Henry used the law courts to increase his power.
• He established a body of common law, or law that was the
same throughout the whole kingdom.
• Henry also established juries to handle arguments over land.
• 1) Grand Jury: decided whether people
should be accused of a crime.
• 2) Trial Jury: decided the guilt or
innocence of a person.
What Was the Magna Carta?
• Henry’s son John became king of England in 1199.
• John angered many royals by raising taxes and punishing
people without trials.
• The nobles met with King John at a meadow called
Runnymede in 1215.
• They forced John to sign a
document of rights called
the Magna Carta, or the
Great Charter.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGlMTRTkG-8&feature=related
• The Magna Carta took away some of the king’s powers and
helped establish people’s rights and limited government.
• In the 1200s, King Edward I gathered representatives from
across England to advise him and help him make laws.
• This gathering was known as Parliament.
• The Parliament eventually divided into two houses:
• 1) House of Lords (high ranking nobles & church officials)
• 2) House of Commons (knights and townspeople)
II. The Kingdom of France (pg. 558)
• After Charlemagne’s empire was divided, the western empire
became known as France.
• French kings called the Capetians (kuh-pee-shuhns)
conquered lands held by the English in western France.
• Phillip II became king of France and ruled from 1180-1223.
• Phillip went to war with England and gained control of land in
Western Europe.
• French society had three classes, or estates:
1) clergy
2) nobles
3) townspeople/peasants
• In 1302, King Philip IV met with representatives from the three
classes, conducting the first meeting of the Estates-General.
• This was France’s first Parliament.
III. Eastern Europe and Russia (pgs. 539-540)
• The Slavs settled villages in Eastern Europe around A.D.
500.
• The Slavs eventually divided into three major groups:
1) Southern (Croats, Serbs, and Bulgarians)
2) Western (Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks)
3) Eastern (Ukrainians, Belorussians, and Russians)
What Was the Kievan Rus?
• In the late 700s, the Vikings began moving into the Slav’s
territory and became rulers called the Rus.
• Around 900, a Viking leader named Oleg created a Rus state
around the city of Kiev called the Kievan Rus.
Kiev Falls to the Mongols
• About 1240, the Mongols swept into the Kievan Rus and
destroyed nearly all the major cities and killed many people.
• The only major city spared was Novgorod.
The Rise of Moscow
• As the Slavs recovered from the Mongol invasion, Moscow, a
city located at the crossroads of important trade routes, began
to grow.
• Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great,
became Grand Duke of Moscow
and began calling himself czar,
or emperor of Russia.
• Ivan IV, known as Ivan the
Terrible, ended Mongol rule
of Moscow and expanded
its territory.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLftl2fzi
vA
Map of the Crusades
III. The Crusades (pgs. 541-543)
• During the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire came under
attack from Muslim Turks.
• Unable to drive them out, the emperor asked the Pope Urban
II for his help.
• In 1095 Pope Urban asked Europe’s lords to launch a holy
war, or crusade, against the Muslim Turks and capture
Jerusalem and free the Holy Land.
• The time called the
Crusades had began.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=zqK-RuntywY
Early Victories
• Thousands of soldiers agreed to fight, many of them wearing a
red cross on their clothes as a sign of obedience to the pope.
• In 1098 the First Crusade captured Antioch in Syria.
• They reached Jerusalem in 1099 and stormed the city.
• The crusaders created four states:
1) Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine
2) County of Edessa in Asia Minor
3) Principality of Antioch in Asia Minor
4) County of Tripoli where Lebanon
is today.
• The Muslims fought back and the Europeans sent another
crusade.
• The Second Crusade was a total failure.
• In 1174 a Muslim named Saladin (sa-luh-deen) became ruler
of Egypt and united the Muslims and declared war against the
Christian states.
• A brilliant commander,
Saladin defeated the
Christians and
captured Jerusalem
in 1187.
• The fall of Jerusalem led to the Third Crusade.
• France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire banded
together to fight the Third Crusade against Saladin, which
ended in a truce.
• Around 1200, Pope Innocent III called for a Fourth Crusade,
which merchants used as an excuse to attack Constantinople
and seize its riches.
• Six more crusades were launched over the next 60 years, but
achieved very little.
• Gradually the Muslims conquered all of the territory they lost to
the First Crusade.
• In 1291, a bit more than 200 years after the First Crusade, the
last Christian city fell to Muslim forces.
• The Crusades affected Europe in two ways:
1) Increased trade between Europe and the Middle East
2) Helped break down feudalism