Transcript 6-3 Kings and Crusades Notes

6-3 Notes: Kingdoms and
Crusades
England in the Middle Ages
• Angles and Saxons invaded
Britain in the early 400s ACE,
and took over land from the
Celts and set up small
kingdoms
• Late 800s - Vikings attack
Britain
• King Alfred of Wessex,
known as Alfred the Great,
united the Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms and drove away
the Vikings
• Alfred’s united kingdoms
became known as
“Angleland,” or England
• Alfred (ruled 871-899)
founded schools and hired
scholars to re-write Latin
books into the Anglo-Saxon
language
• Weak rulers followed him
William the Conqueror
• 900s ACE - Vikings
conquered part of Western
France (“Normandy”) across
the English Channel from
England
• Named “Normandy” after the
Norsemen (Vikings) that ruled
it
• 1000s ACE - Normandy ruled
by William, a descendent of
the Viking rulers and a cousin
of King Edward of England
• When Edward died, a noble
named Harold Godwinson
claimed England’s throne
• William and his knights
defeated Harold and his foot
soldiers at the Battle of
Hastings and became
crowned King of England
William and the Anglo-Saxons
• At first the Anglo-Saxons
resisted William’s rule
• William set up a feudalistic
system in England by giving
land to his Norman knights in
return for their loyalty
• William took the first census
(Domesday Book) in Europe
since the Roman times,
counting people, manors, and
farm animals
• Under William’s rule his court
and officials spoke French
• Anglo-Saxons spoke their
own language, which later
became English
• Anglo-Saxon and Norman
culture gradually mixed into
English culture
Henry II and the Common Law
• Henry II ruled England from
1154 to 1189 ACE
• Henry set up a court system
to increase his power
• He had a central court with
trained lawyers and judges
and appointed circuit judges
who traveled across the
country hearing cases
• He also established a body of
common law, the same set
throughout the whole
kingdom
• Henry also set up juries to
handle arguments
• Grand juries decided whether
or not a person should be
accused of a crime and a trial
jury decided whether or not
the accused was guilty or
innocent
Magna Carta
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Henry’s son John became king of
England in 1199
John raised taxes and punished
his enemies without trials
Nobles refused to obey him unless
he agreed to guarantee certain
rights
Nobles met with King John at a
meadow called Runnymede in
1215 and forced him to sign the
Magna Carta, which took away
some of the kings powers
The king could no longer collect
taxes unless a group called the
Great Council agreed
Freemen accused of crimes had
the right to fair trials by their peers
England developed the concept of
habeas corpus (protects an
individual against indefinite
imprisonment without a trial)
Magna Carta also stated that the
king and vassals both had certain
rights and that government is
limited
Parliament
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1200s ACE - Edward I, King of
England, called for a meeting of
people from different parts of
England
Their job was to advise him and
help him make laws
This gathering was called
Parliament
Important step towards
establishing representative
government
Parliament was at first made of
two knights of each county, two
people of each town, and all
high-ranking nobles and church
officials
Later Parliament became two
houses: High-ranking nobles and
Church officials (House of Lords)
and knights and townspeople
(House of Commons)
The Kingdom of France
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843 ACE - Charlemagne’s empire
was divided into 3 parts
The western part eventually
became the kingdom of France
987 ACE - Frankish nobles chose
Hugh Capet to be king of France
(established the Capetian dynasty)
Capetians controlled the area
around Paris, the capital but
nobles had more power than the
king
Philip II ruled from 1180 - 1223
ACE
Drove out English from parts of
Western France
Philip IV (Philip the Fair) ruled from
1285 - 1314
1302 - Philip IV met with
representatives from three estates,
or classes (clergy, nobles,
townspeople), of French society
Estates-General, France’s first
Parliament
Eastern Europe and Russia
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500s ACE - A people called the Slavs
organized villages in Eastern Europe
Slavs divided into three groups: the
southern Slavs became the Croats,
Serbs, and Bulgarians; the western
Slavs became the Poles, Czechs, and
Slovaks; the eastern Slavs became the
Ukrainians and Russians
Late 700s ACE - Vikings began moving
into the Slavs territory from the north
Vikings slowly took over and the Slavs
called the Viking rulers the Rus (they
eventually blended through
intermarriage)
Around 900 ACE - Viking leader named
Oleg created a Rus state around the
city of Kiev (called the Kievan Rus)
Growth of the Kievan Rus attracted
missionaries from the Byzantine
Empire
Vladimir, a Rus ruler, married the
Byzantine Emperor’s sister and he and
his people became Eastern Orthodox
Kiev falls to the Mongols
• 1240 ACE - Mongols swept
into the Kievan Rus, killing
many people and destroying
major cities
• Slavs called the Mongols
“Tatars” because one of the
Mongol tribe names was Tata
• Novgorod was the only city to
survive (they paid the
Mongols tribute and accepted
the Mongols as rulers)
• Novgorod was still attacked
by Germans and Swedes
• Alexander Nevsky and the
Slavs of Novgorod defeated
the Swedes and Germans,
and the Mongol Khan
awarded Nevsky with the title
of grand duke
The Rise of Moscow
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Moscow began to grow because the
city was located near several important
trade routes
Nevsky’s son Daniel and his
descendants became rulers
Rulers of Moscow married women from
ruling families in other Slavic towns
They fought wars against neighbors to
expand their territory
Moscow later became headquarters for
the Russian branch of the Eastern
Orthodox Church
1462 ACE - Ivan III became ruler of
Moscow
Married Sophia, niece of the last
Byzantine Emperor
Built fine palaces and large cathedrals
in the Kremlin, a fortress at the center
of Moscow
Ivan began calling himself “Czar” too,
which is a shortened version of Caesar
1480 - Ivan finally drove the Mongols
out of Russia
Expanded his territory to the north and
west too before dying in 1505
The Crusades
• During the Middle Ages, the
Byzantine Empire came
under attack
• 1071 ACE - an army of
Muslim Turks defeated the
Byzantines and took over
most of Asia Minor
• Byzantine Emperor asked the
Pope for help defending his
Christian empire
• 1095 ACE - Pope Urban II, in
a speech in front of a large
crowd in eastern France,
asked Europe’s lords to
crusade, or make holy war,
against the Muslim Turks
• Urged them to recapture
Jerusalem and free the land
where Jesus lived
• “God Wills It” cried out the
excited crowd
Early Victories
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Thousands on horseback and tens of
thousands on foot headed east
Many wore red crosses on their clothes
as sign of obedience to the Pope’s call
1098 ACE - 1st Crusade conquered
Antioch in Syria
1099 - Crusaders conquered
Jerusalem after a bloody fight killing
Jews, Muslims, and Christians alike
Crusaders created four crusader states:
Kingdom of Jerusalem, county of
Edessa, principality of Antioch, and the
county of Tripoli
The states were surrounded by
Muslims and relied on Italian cities
such as Genoa, Pisa, and Venice for
supplies
1144 - Muslims captured Edessa
2nd Crusade sent as a response but
was a failure
1174 - Saladin became ruler of Egypt
and declared war on the Christian
states built by the Crusaders
Saladin defeated the Christians and
captured Jerusalem in 1187
Later Crusades and their legacy
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The Fall of Jerusalem led to the
Third Crusade
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick,
King Richard I of England, and King
Philip II of France all agreed to fight
Frederick drowned crossing a river
After Philip II left, Richard agreed to
a truce with Saladin so that Christian
pilgrims could travel safely to
Jerusalem
1200 ACE - Pope Innocent III called
for a fourth crusade
Merchants from Venice had
Crusaders travel to and sack
Constantinople to weaken their
trading partner
Six more crusades were launched
over the next 60 years
1291 ACE - last Christian Crusader
city fell to Muslims
Crusades helped to increase trade
between east and west and destroy
feudalism, giving power to kings