Transcript The Church and the Crusades

TSW: 1. explore how the church influenced
life in Medieval Europe
2. Describe how common law affected
political developments in England.
Please write these words down on your new
vocabulary sheet:
Clergy
Lay Investiture
Tithe
Crusade
Guild
The Church and the
Crusades
The Age of Faith
The Church Wields Power
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The Church shaped the lives of people
from all social classes
The Church came into conflict with
local emperors
Church
Clergy
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests
Religion Unifies the
People
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The path to salvation was through the
sacraments (done in Latin)
Canon Law – law of the church – it
was to keep kings in line (threatened
them)
– Excommunication
– Interdict
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Kings countered the Pope’s authority
with Lay Investiture
Church Reform and the
Crusades
Problems in the Church
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Problem 1
– Village priests were marrying and having
families
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Problem 2
– Positions in the Church were sold by
bishops (Simony)
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Problem 3
– Lay Investiture was still a problem
Tithing
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The Church collected taxes in the form
of tithes.
The Church performed services such
as caring for the sick and poor. Most
hospitals were cared for by the
Church.
St. Francis of Assisi
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Son of a rich merchant
The Franciscan friars treated all
creatures as if they were spiritual
brothers and sisters.
Friar – similar to monks, but did not
live apart from the world. They met
their needs by begging.
Gothic Architecture
Stained Glass
Crusades
Come then, with all your people and give battle
with all your strength, so that all this treasure
shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…
Therefore, act while there is still time lest the
kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your
sight and, what is more important, the Holy
Sepulchre (the tomb where Jesus was buried)
shall vanish. And in your coming you will find
your reward in heaven, and if you do not come,
God will condemn you.
Emperor Alexius Comnenus (Constantinople)
 Urban II called for war in 1095. The wars lasted
from 1096-1204
The Crusades
First Crusade
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Christians captured Jerusalem for a
short time.
Second Crusade
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Muslims under Saladin recapture
Jerusalem in the Second Crusade.
Jerusalem
Saladin
Third Crusade
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The Crusade of kings
– German Emperor – Barbarossa
– England King – Richard the Lion Hearted
– French King – Philip Augustus
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Barbarossa drowns on the journey and Philip
goes home leaving Richard to carry the fight.
They agree to a truce in 1192 leaving Jerusalem
under Muslim control, but unarmed Christians
can freely visit the city’s holy places.
Richard the Lion
Hearted
A Spanish Crusade
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Muslims are to be kicked out of Spain
– this is called Reconquista
In the late 1400’s, Isabella and
Ferdinand made use of the Inquisition.
Those who committed heresy would
be questioned and tortured until they
confessed
Trade, Towns, and Financial
Revolution
Vocabulary to Know
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Three-field system
Guild
Burgher
Vernacular
Dante Alighieri
Geofery Chaucer
Thomas Aquinas
Scholastics
Trade and
Business
Agriculture
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Harness allows horses to plow rather
than slow oxen
Three-field system – farmers could
grow crops on 2/3 of their land each
year
Results
– More food for all!!!
– Better resistance against disease
– Everyone begins living longer
Trade and Finance
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Guild – Association of people that worked
at the same occupation
Master
Journeyman
Apprentice
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Finance – the Church would lend money
to Christians to pay debts (Usury) but
would not charge interest
Jews become bankers
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Jews which lived on the fringes of
society weren’t allowed to do any jobs,
so they went into banking and
charged interest.
Burghers
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People who lived in towns were known
as Burghers. These people were
outside of the rungs of feudal society.
They were mostly merchants and had
a voice in running towns.
Scholastics
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Revival of Learning – universities are established
They are led by schoolmen known as Scholastics
(the beginning of present day professors)
– Thomas Aquinas
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Literature – Authors used the vernacular
(common language).
Dante Alighieri – writes the Divine Comedy in
1321 in Italian.
Geofery Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales
about 1390 in english.
Geofery
Chaucer
England and France
Develop
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Norman Conquest – The invader was
William, duke of Normandy (William
the Conqueror)
William claimed the English Crown and
invaded England with a Norman army.
He was ambitious, tough, and
imposing.
Rival – Harold Godwinson (AngloSaxon who claimed the throne)
Battle of Hastings
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October 14, 1066
Normans and Saxons fought the battle
that changed the course of English
history
After Harold was killed by an arrow in
his eye, the Normans won a decisive
victory.
William declared England his personal
property. English lords who supported
Magna Carta
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June 15, 1215
Nobles forced King John to agree to
the Great Charter.
Guaranteed basic political rights – they
wanted to safeguard their own rights
and limit the king’s powers.
Parliament
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In 1295, Edward needed to raise taxes
for a war against the French.
Edward got two burgesses (wealthy
citizens) and two nights from every
county to serve as this legislative
group.
Model Parliament – commoners, and
lords served as a model for later kings.
They were called when a new tax was
needed.
A Century of Turmoil
Great Schism
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This was a split in the Church
Two pope’s had been selected (Pope Urban
VI and Clement VII) One was French, one
Italian.
Each of these popes declared the other to be
a false pope, excommunicating his rival.
Council of Constance chose a new pope. At
this point there were 3. All 2 popes were
forced to resign by the Holy Roman Emperor
and they chose a new one, Martin V.
John Wycliffe
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Preached that Jesus Christ was the head
of the Church, not the pope.
Said the Bible alone – not the pope – was
the final authority for Christian life.
Jan Hus, a Bohemian professor, taught the
authority of the Bible was higher than that
of the pope, getting him excommunicated
in 1412. he was later called to council,
seized, tried as a heretic, and burned at
the stake.
Black Death – Bubonic
Plague
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1/3 of the population in Europe died of
this deadly disease.
The plague began in Asia. Traveling in
trade lanes, it infected most of Asia
and the Muslim world. It reached
Europe through cargo. It left purplish
or blackish spots produced on the
skin.
Came to Europe through Italy and
spread throughout the rest of the
Black Death
What to do
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People look for a scapegoat and found one
in the Jews. They were blamed for
poisoning the wells. They were
massacred because of this. It took 25
million European lives and more millions in
Asia and North Africa.
The plague was actually cared by fleas.
People did not bathe – and almost all had
fleas and lice. These unsanitary streets
became breeding grounds for more rats.
Effects of the Plague
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Town populations fell. Trade declined.
Prices rose.
Serfs had been unpaid and left the manor in
search of better wages. Manorial systems
crumbled.
The Church suffered a loss of prestige when
its prayers and penances failed to stop the
onslaught of the plague. They charged high
fees for services for the dying.
100 years War
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Between France and England
The right to the French throne is
debated.
They drove the French out of France
entirely
Battle of Crecy – English made use of
the longbow and slaughtered the
French knights.
Joan of Arc
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French peasant girl
Rallied the French troops to victory
Captured and condemned as a witch
and burned at the stake in 1431.
Impact of the war – feeling of
nationalism and the king becomes a
national leader.
Joan of Arc
False Peace
Burn Her
The End 