Transcript The Middle Ages

The Middle
Ages
Part III
The Vikings
Were the most feared invaders and entered
Europe for three main reasons:
1. They were fighting amongst
themselves.
2. Their homeland couldn’t support a
growing population.
3. Many Vikings were driven by a
desire for adventure.
The Vikings
They sailed in fast, strong ships and often
attacked at night. They took everything they
could, and destroyed what they could not take with
them.
Their greatest destruction occurred in
Ireland, England, and France. Viking raids
continued in Europe until 1000 AD.
The First Crusade
Pope Urban II called for the 1st Crusade to
regain the holy land (Palestine) from the
Muslims.
1096-1099 Marches across Europe to
Constantinople
Wool and leather garments – very hot
Shortage of food and water
Pope Urban II died two weeks after
crusaders captured Jerusalem on July 15,
1099
The Second Crusade
 In 1144, Edessa was reconquered by the
Turks. This Crusade was organized to
recapture the city, but its armies returned
home in defeat.
The Third Crusade
Also known as the King’s Crusade because
three powerful kings took part: Philip
Augustus (France), Richard the Lionheart
(England), Frederick I (Germany)
Richard will sign a truce with Saladin
dealing with the Holy Lands in 1192.
Later Crusades
Crusaders took control of Constantinople in
1204 during the 4th Crusade.
5th - 7th were aimed at North Africa;
became weak against Muslim counterattacks; lost Jerusalem and never regained
control.
Results of the Crusades
Lost Jerusalem and Holy Lands
Respect was lost for religious figure heads.
Constantinople never would regain its
power and prestige.
Increased hatred between Christians,
Muslims, and Jews.
Feudalism In England
England was made up of small AngloSaxon Kingdoms until the end of the
1000’s.
The Normans would then invade and
conquer England under William Duke of
Normandy around 1050.
In 1066, William the Conqueror crossed the
English Channel and defeated the AngloSaxons at the Battle of Hastings.
Leaders of England
Henry II would strengthen England’s hold
on French lands and create juries.
Richard I “Lionheart” held French lands.
John I lost French lands to Philip II of
France.
Magna Carta established set up between the
king of England and his nobles. Established
no taxation without representation, due
process of law, and limited monarchy.
The Hundred Years War
War between England and
France fought on French
soil.
1337-1453 (116 years)
In 1429, Joan of Arc began
a drive that forced the
English out of France
eventually.
The Hundred Years’ War
Two important
developments:
1. Two new weapons:
Longbow
Cannon
2. English parliament
temporarily gained
more power over the
King.
The War of the Roses
Struggle between York and
Lancaster families for the
English throne.
1455-1485
Yorkists – White Rose
Lancasters –Red Rose
Henry Tudor ended the war by
defeating Yorkist King Richard
III, Henry seized the throne
and married a Yorkist.
Joan of Arc
Uneducated and poor peasant girl.
Heard voices telling her to leave her small
village and help defend the city of Orleans,
which was under English attack.
Inspired by her French troops rallied and
saved the city defeating the English.
The Demise of Joan of Arc
Convicted of heresy and
witchcraft.
Burned at the stake by the
English on May 30, 1431.
In 1920, the Church declared
her a saint.
Philip IV of France
Demanded that clergy pay taxes to the
national treasury.
He angered Pope Boniface VIII.
Boniface VIII was brought to trial, and
after his death the power of the papacy
declined.
Philip IV of France
Appointed Clement V the new pope and
moved him to Avignon in France where it
remained for 67 years.
Great Schism referred to the division
between the Church. One pope ruled from
Rome while the other ruled from Avignon.
John Wycliffe
Christian scholar who challenged the
authority of the pope.
Encouraged translation of the Bible from
Latin to English.
He taught that the Bible was more powerful
than the pope.