Transcript The Fourth Crusade

Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages
• 1/30 Focus:
– The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain
control of the holy lands, had profound
economic, political, and social impacts on Europe
and the Muslim world
• Do Now:
– What is the significance of the Magna Carta?
•
Power of the Popes
• Popes were powerful
spiritual leaders but also
developed political power
during the Middle Ages
– Popes claimed authority
over rulers
• This often led to conflicts
between Popes and kings
– The investiture
controversy
Power of the Popes
• Pope Gregory VII tried to
expand the political power of
the pope
– The pope can be judged by no one;
– The Roman church has never erred and never
will err till the end of time;
– The pope alone can depose and restore
bishops;
– He alone can call general councils and
authorize canon law
– He can depose emperors;
– He can absolve subjects from their
allegiance;
– All princes should kiss his feet.
The Crusades
• A series of wars
fought between
Christians and
Muslims in the
Middle East over
control of the holy
lands
– 8 Crusades between
1095-1271
•
The Holy Lands
• The city of
Jerusalem and
the areas near it
were known as
the holy lands
– Birthplace of
Jesus
– Site where
Muslims believed
Muhammad rose
to heaven
– Jewish Homeland
The Crusades
• Seljuk Turks
invaded the
Byzantine Empire
in 1071
– Byzantine
Emperor asked
Pope Urban II
for help
The Council of Clermont
• Pope Urban asks
Christians to launch
a crusade or holy
war to liberate the
holy lands from
Muslims
– Attracted large
numbers of people
willing to fight
Reasons for the Crusades
• Pope Urban hoped to
increase his power in
Europe
• Get European rulers
to stop fighting each
other
• Reunite Eastern and
Western Churches
Closure
• Identify one reason that Pope Urban
called for a Crusade against Muslims.
• Identify two reasons that people
answered the pope’s call for a crusade
to free the holy lands
• 1/31 Focus:
– For nearly 200 years, Christians and Muslims
fought for control of the Holy Lands
• Do Now:
– What does the Holy Lands refer to?
– Identify why the Holy lands were so important
to Christians?
Reasons for the Crusades
• Pope promised
Crusaders they would
receive salvation and
forgiveness for sins
• Promise of glory and
riches
• Serfs hoped to escape
feudal system
The First Crusade
• Crusaders fell into
two groups
– Peasants
• Attacked Jewish
communities in
Germany on their way
to Holy land
• Were quickly
defeated by the
Seljuk Turks
– Experienced Knights
•
The First Crusades
• Difficulties faced by
Crusaders
– Lacked organization
• Could not agree on a
leader
– Lacked knowledge of
climate, terrain, and
geography
– No supply lines
• Often ran out of food
and water
– Heat stroke and
disease killed many
crusaders
The First Crusade
• Despite
difficulties
crusaders
captured
Jerusalem in 1099
– Massacred
Muslims, Jews, and
Eastern orthodox
Christians
The First Crusade
Account of the capture of Jerusalem from a Crusader:
• “Some of our men cut off the heads of their enemies;
others shot them with arrows, so that they fell from
the towers; others tortured them longer by casting
them into the flames. Piles of heads, hands and feet
were to be seen in the streets of the city. It was
necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men and
horses. But these were small matters compared to
what happened at the temple of Solomon, a place
where religious services ware ordinarily chanted. What
happened there? If I tell the truth, it will exceed your
powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this much at
least, that in the temple and portico of Solomon, men
rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins.”
The Crusader States
• Crusaders
established feudal
kingdoms from
territory captured
in First Crusade
– Edessa
– Antioch
– Tripoli
– Jerusalem
•
The Second Crusade
• Turks capture
Crusader State
of Edessa
– Edessa was the
capital of the
Crusader States
• Crusade to retake
Crusader States
lost to Turks fails
The Third Crusade
• Muslim leader Saladin
unites Muslim world
(late 1100’s)
– Captures Jerusalem
The Third Crusade
• 3 European Kings
launch Crusade to retake Jerusalem
– Frederick Barbarossa
• Drowns while trying to
cross a river
– Phillip Augustus
• Returns to France
before reaching
Jerusalem
– Richard the
Lionhearted
•
The Third Crusade
• Richard the
Lionhearted is
unsuccessful in
retaking Holy Lands
from Saladin
– Truce allows
Christians to visit
holy lands
– Returns to England
The Fourth Crusade
• 1198 Pope
Innocent III
calls for Crusade
to capture
Jerusalem
• Crusaders on
their way to holy
lands decide to
attack/loot
Constantinople in
1204
The Fourth Crusade
• Effects
– Fail to retake
the Holy Lands
– Byzantine
never recovers
The Children’s Crusade
• 30,000 French
children and 20,000
German children
march to Jerusalem
• Thousands die or are
captured or sold into
slavery
• Never reached the
Holy Lands
Closure
• Identify two reason why Christians
responded to the popes call for a
crusade to take control of the Holy
lands?