Transcript The Renaissance and Reformation

The Middle
Ages,
Crusades
and
Renaissance
A dangerous time in Europe
► The
strong empires of Rome and Greece
that protected trade routes and encouraged
science and freedom were gone.
► Education
died out
► Only
the Christian Church kept education
alive in monasteries
 Hand copied books
Invaders and Raiders
► Genghis
Kahn
was the leader
of the Mongols
 Mongols
conquered
Russia and ruled
it for 400 years
 Russia has been
behind the rest
of Europe ever
since
The Vikings
►
The Vikings Invaded
Europe from 793-1000
►
Came from Scandinavia—
modern day Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway.
►
Raided all across Europe
and the Mediterranean
►
Great sea farers—traveled
to Newfoundland in
Canada
Feudalism
► Lack
of central government for protection
leads to rise of Feudalism
► Feudalism:
“loosely organized system of
government in which local lords governed
their own lands but owed military service
and other support to a greater lord.”
So who is in charge?
► The
kings had plenty of land; but he could not
control it all
► Lords
then gave their land to knights in
exchange for protection, loyalty and $.
► Knights
let serfs (peasants) work the land and
he would protect them.
► Serfs
got food and shelter.
Problems with Feudalism
► Possible
to have allegiances to more than
one person
► No
strong central government
 King must ask his lords for knights in time of
war
 King must ask his lords for money to pay for
things
 Lords hold most of the power
 Lords constantly fighting among themselves.
How to keep power
► Goal
was to own the most land because
More Land = More Crops = More $$$
► How
do you get more land?
 Conquer it (there was fighting all the time)
 Marry into it – marry off your daughters for
money
 Make Alliances
Empires of the Middle Ages
► Charles
the Great – Charlemagne
 Leader of the Kingdom of Franks
► Pope
crowned him emperor of the “Holy Roman
Empire” after he chased the barbarians out of
Rome
► Revived
► Empire
literacy and education
declined after he died
The Norman Conquest
► In
1066, England was invaded by Normans
(Vikings from modern-day France)
► The
Battle of Hastings
 Harold, King of England killed
 William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
takes over.
► William
of Normandy helped make England
what it is today and codified feudalism
(gave it the force of law).
► 1066
- William I creates Domesday Book for
purposes of fair tax collection.
The Magna Carta
► English
King John was a
bad king so his nobles
forced him to sign the
Magna Carta
►
It limited powers of king.
► Signed
in 1215
► Example
of Rule of Law
The Crusades
► Three
major religious
groups all claimed
Jerusalem in the land
of Palestine as their
holy land, Christians,
Muslims and
Jews
How the Crusades Started
► The
Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked for
help to defeat the Seljuk Turks, who were
Muslims.
► Pope
Urban II responded to the request by
rallying warriors of Europe to liberate
Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Palestine)
from the Muslims.
Turkish Territory
Who fought?
► Nobles
hoped to add to their personal fortunes and
strengthen the power of monarchs.
► For
knights, this was a chance to use their fighting
skills. They also wanted to defend Jerusalem, the
“fief of God”.
► For
peasants, this was a chance to escape from
their dreary life in the feudal system.
► The
pope promised that if they died while fighting
a holy crusade, they would automatically be
welcomed into heaven.
How many crusades were there?
► There
were 9+ crusades that are fought over a
period of about 200 years (1095-1291 AD).
The First Crusade
►
30,000 Europeans left to fight for
the holy land
►
It took them 2 years to make the
trip.
►
Eventually they captured
Jerusalem
►
The Europeans then created 4
feudal “Crusader States” in the
Holy Land, each ruled by a
European noble.
The Second Crusade
► The
Crusader States
lasted roughly 50 years
before falling to the
Turks
► The
Pope called a 2nd
crusade to retake the
holy land.
► It
was a complete
failure.
The Third Crusade
►
Possibly the most important Crusade of
all.
►
Led by King Richard (the Lionhearted)
of England.
►
The Crusaders were defeated by
Saladin.
►
Despite the defeat, King Richard the
Lionhearted negotiated with Saladin to
allow Christian pilgrims free access to
Jerusalem.
More Crusades
► The
Fourth Crusade
sent Knights back to
the Holy Land,
however they never
made it to Jerusalem.
► Instead
attacked the
city of Constantinople
because they were in
desperate need of
supplies and funds.
More Crusades
►
The Children's Crusade in 1212
►
They believed God would protect
them because they were children.
►
When the ships landed in North
Africa, some children were
slaughtered and others were sold in
to slavery.
The Reconquista
► After
the Crusades
failed European
Christians decided to
retake Spain from a
group of Muslims
known as the Moors
► After
reconquering
Spain the Spanish
Inquisition was
launched to root out
heretics
►
Christians in Europe
started to persecute the
Jews.
►
People turned against
Jewish populations, the
new enemy and the
“murderers of Christ”.
►
Many Jews were expelled
from Europe or just killed
altogether. As part of the
Inquisition
The Effects of the Crusades
►
►
The Crusades exposed Europeans to new cultures
After the Crusades, there was an increased
interest in acquiring new goods from Asia, Africa
and the Middle East.
► There
was a new European demand for things
such as silks, spices, ivory and pearls. This created
a demand for trade with the Middle East.
► Increased
trade = Increased income for
Italian merchants
► Sophisticated
Muslim culture, arts and
philosophy were introduced to the
Europeans – to the Muslims, the Europeans
were the Barbarians
The Black Death
► 1000-1300
Trade
improved and towns
grew…until the Black
Death hits.
► Spread
along trade
routes by fleas that
lived on rats
► Killed
1/3 of Population
in Europe
The Renaissance
► Renaissance
rebirth
► Trade
means
cities in Italy
grew wealthy due to
trade with the Middle
East
Florence
► Center
of art, literature,
and culture.
► Florence became
wealthy from the
manufacturing of wool.
► Later Florence became
the banking center of
Italy.
► The Medici family were
the greatest bankers in
Florence.
Florence
► The
Renaissance
started in Florence
and spread
throughout Europe.
► Competition between
the Italian city-states
led to advances in
literature,
architecture, art,
music, science, and
education.
Rome
► Home
of the Catholic
Church
► Popes
commissioned
famous artists and
architects to beautify
Rome. Michelangelo,
Raphael, and Botticelli
all produced major
works in Rome.
Venice
► Venice
was the wealthiest citystate of the Renaissance.
► It was a port city on the
Mediterranean.
► Venice maintained hundreds of
merchant ships and warships,
and thousands of sailors.
Genoa
► Genoa
is located on the
Mediterranean.
► Genoa
was the other
major port city in Italy
during the Renaissance.
► Dominated
trade in the
Mediterranean
Genoa
Harbor
► Milan
dominated the inland
trade routes because it was the
gateway to Italy from the north.
► Milan
is the site of Santa Maria
delle Grazie, the cathedral where
Leonardo da Vinci painted The
Last Supper.
Milan
The Intellectual and Artistic
Renaissance
Niccolo Machiavelli
► Philosopher,
diplomat, poet,
musician, playwright.
► Best




known for The Prince – realist politics
Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and
powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning
and practical)
“The Ends Justify the Means”
“It was better to be feared than to be loved”
All this done to keep peace and stabilize power
Italian Renaissance & Humanism
► Stressed
that man was the center of the universe
and had dignity and value
► Humanism
– intellectual movement based on the
► Vernacular
Literature – written in common
classics
 Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry,
philosophy & history (the Humanities)
language
Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”
► Petrarch
was a scholar and
poet who was responsible for
the recovery of manuscripts
and works of Greek and
Roman writers that had been
lost in monastery libraries.
► Petrarch,
like other writers of
the time, wrote in Latin.
Francesco
Petrarch
Dante Alighieri
► “Father
of the Italian
Language”
► Wrote
The Divine Comedy.
► Dante
was first to write in the
vernacular. Until his time, all
European literature was
written in Latin.
Dante
Alighieri
New Artistic Techniques
► Fresco
–
watercolor on
fresh plaster
► Law of
Perspective
► Study of human
anatomy
► GOAL – imitate
nature
From Michelangelo’s Sketch Book
Leonardo da Vinci
► Master
of realism &
perspective
► Studied
human
anatomy (cadavers)
to be as accurate as
possible
► Sculptor,
painter,
astronomer,
inventor – a true
“Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper
A page from one of da Vinci’s
notebooks, he “coded” his work
by writing backwards. He could
read it, but most other people
would need a mirror to read it.
Raphael Santi
►1
of the top Renaissance painters
► Especially known for his “Madonna's” –
paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus
► A major artist in the Vatican
Madonna
of the
Meadows
Madonna del
Granduca
Raphael Santi
School of
Athens fresco in
the
Apostolic
Palace in
the Vatican.
Thought to
be
Raphael’s
masterpiece
.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
► Painter,
sculptor and architect
► Most famous for work in Vatican City
Vatican City
St. Peter’s Bascillica
(large domed building) –
designed by Michelangelo
(St. Peter’s Square –
designed by Bernini)
Michelangelo
Well known for his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.
The ceiling illustrates the stories of the Book of
Genesis
The Creation of Adam
The Last Judgement
On the Alter Wall of the
Sistine Chapel.
Michelangelo, the sculptor
The Pieta –
marble statue
of a crucified
Jesus being
held by his
mother Mary.
In St. Peter’s
Basilica.
David – carved from
one piece of marble
from 1501 to 1504.
Said to be
proportionally perfect,
though David is 17
feet tall
Northern Renaissance
► Centered
in Low Countries – Belgium and
the Netherlands
► Due to weather- few frescoes
 Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas
► Jan
van Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil
paints
 Oils allow greater variety of color
& detail
Portrait of a Man in a
Turban , probably a
self-portrait, painted
1433
Albrecht Durer
► German
►1
of greatest Northern
Renaissance artists
► Revolutionized
► Studied
woodcuts
in Italy on
several different
occasions
Architecture
►
Architectural design returns
to the classical styles of
Rome and Greece.
►
Public buildings, homes and
villas are designed using
Greek and Roman
architectural styles.
►
Renaissance buildings
feature columns, domes, and
vaulted ceilings.
The Printing Press
►
Johannes Gutenberg was a
German goldsmith and printer.
►
Gutenberg was the first to
develop movable type. This
allowed for mass production of
books.
►
Gutenberg was the key figure
in spreading the Renaissance.
►
His invention of movable type
is still considered the most
important invention in history.
IMPACT
► Much
easier to
publish books
► Increased
literacy
► 1450-1500,
20 million
books printed
covering 35,000
topics
Miguel de Cervantes
► Cervantes
was a Spanish novelist,
poet, painter, and playwright.
wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most
influential work of literature to come out of the
Spanish Golden Age.
► Cervantes
got the idea for Don Quixote while
serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in
his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing
agent.
► Cervantes
William Shakespeare
► Shakespeare
is considered the
greatest writer and dramatist of
all time.
► Shakespeare
wrote Romeo and
Juliet, Julius Caesar, A
Midsummer’s Night Dream,
Hamlet and more.
“All the world’s a stage,
and all the men and
women merely players
there, they have their exits
and their entrances, and
one man in his time plays
many parts….”
William Shakespeare
► Shakespeare
wrote 38 plays, 154
sonnets, two narrative poems,
and other poems.