Transcript The Middle Ages III 590-1517

The Middle Ages III
590-1517
Papal Power and the Crusades
Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory VII
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Obscure background
Short in stature, strong in presence
Friend of Pope Gregory VI
Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX, Victor
II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander II
• Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085
• Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and
Investiture.
• Emphasized the absolute authority of the
Pope
Papal Powers
1. Excommunication – the cutting off
of one person from communion and
the church =loss of salvation, no
hope for heaven unless forgiven by
Pope
2. Interdiction – A locational and/or
personal excommunication.
3. World Authority – the power to
depose and crown kings at the will
of the Pope
Church vs. State
Gregory VII v. Henry IV
• Henry denounces Gregory
• Gregory Excommunicates Henry
• Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the
Papal blessing
• 2 years go by
• Henry replaces Gregory with a new Pope
• Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry
• They war
• They die
The Crusades
“No idle fancy was it hen of yore
Pilgrims in countless numbers braved the seas,
And legions battled on the farthest shore,
Only to pray at They Sepulchral bed,
Only in pious gratitude to kiss
The sacred earth on which They feet did tread.”
-Uhland, An den Unsichtbaren
The Crusades
• Primarily a French institution
• Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy
Land
• Carrying the cross
• Christian Pilgrimage
• Defeat of Islam
• Monetary and spiritual gain
• 7 great crusades 1095-1270
• Unite the Eastern and Western churches
The First Crusade 1095-1099
• Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call
for help from Constantinople
• Inspired by Peter the Hermit
• The people looted and pillaged along the way
• ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they
reached their goal.
• Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just
soldiers.
The First Crusade 1095-1099
• Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was
captured
• Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by
finding the spear that pierced Christ’s side.
• Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a
great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and
heretics ensued.
• Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187
The Second Crusade 1146-1149
• Set up to recapture the city of Edessa
• Pope Eugenius III declared forgiveness of all
sins and life eternal to all crusaders who died
confessing their sins
• People were very enthusiastic
• Persecution of Jews was inspired by a monk
• Ended in complete failure, the crusaders were
blamed for their lack of faith
The Third Crusade
• Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187
• Joint crusade between French, English, and
Belgish. Represented by Red, White, and Green
crosses. The Germans were there too
• Saladin Tax
• Besieged Acre amidst harsh conditions, won
gained food, gold, and the true cross
• Slaughter of 2700 prisoners ensues.
• Ultimately gained Acre, and pilgrimage rights to
Jerusalem.
Innocent III
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Birth name was Lothario Conti de Segni
Wrote The Contempt of the World
Crowned pope in 1198 at 37 years of age
Exhibits the similarities between heirarchialism
and asceticism
Papal AUTHORITY
Controlled the German Kingship
Added the title Vicar of God to the Papal names
Died at 56 years old
The Children’s Crusade
• Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy
Stephen.
• Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to
30,000,
• Expected the sea to open for them to march
across
• Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to
transport them
• Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold the
children into slavery
The Fourth Crusade 1200-1204
• Pope, Cardinals, and Clergy tithed to pay
for the crusade
• Hungarian controlled Zara was razed and
pillaged to pay for Venetian help
• Constantinople was sacked, raped, and
looted
• Relics were given freely
• Didn’t go near the holy land
The Fifth Crusade 1217-1229
• Again Pope, Cardinals, and Clergy tithed to
pay for the crusade
• Those who gave money or participated in the
crusade received full indulgence for sin.
• Led by Frederick II
• 1228 Made a 10 year treaty gaining concessions
in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and
pilgrimage routes from Acre to Jerusalem
• 1244 the Christians in Palestine were defeated
never again to control Jerusalem.
The Sixth Crusade
• Led by the King Saint Louis
• Marched on Cairo, affected by foes,
fevers, and dysentery
• King captured and ransomed
• Louis returned in 1254 utterly
defeated.
The Seventh Crusade 1270
• Also led by Saint/King Louis
• 60,000 men at arms total
• Plagued, died, ended
Failures of the Crusades
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The holy land was not won
Islam was not permanantly stopped
The East/West Schism was not healed
Lots and lots of people were killed
War atrocities
Indulgences
Benefits of the Crusades
1. Spirtual awakening in many
2. Class interaction
3. Knowledge expanded, geography,
customs etc.
4. Major increase in trade