Transcript Scandals in the Church - Newark Catholic High School

Scandals in the Church
•
•
•
•
•
Feudalism brings with it some problems
Lay investiture
Simony
Nepotism
Morals amongst the clergy
puppies
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Reforms from the Church
• The Monastery at Cluny
– Free from Feudalistic system
• Gregory the VII
– Insists on:
• Celibacy
• Banishing lay investiture
• Ending simony
– Dictates
Eastern Schism
• 1054
• Mainly theological controversy b/w
Eastern Church (Constantinople) and
West Church (Rome)
• In the east, problems with Islam
– Those who were Christians in
East…largely held heretical views (like
Nestorianism/Arianism)
Schism cont’d
• Causes: many, both theological and
cultural
– Language
– Theologically: East was more speculative,
West more practical
– filioque
– East, allowed married clergy, West
practiced celibacy
4 Specific Causes
1. Pope Leo the Great’s condemnation of canon 28 of
the Council of Chalcedon
–
Canon 28: The bishop of New Rome shall enjoy the same
honour as the bishop of Old Rome, on account of the
removal of the Empire. For this reason the [metropolitans]
of Pontus, of Asia, and of Thrace, as well as the Barbarian
bishops shall be ordained by the bishop of Constantinople.
2. Byzantine’s Emperor Leo III promotion
of Iconoclasm (which was condemned
at Nicaea II)
-likened veneration of images to
idolatry…this was “shot down” by the
Church
3. The Photian Schism
-condemns Western Theology and
Practice
-condemns the West’s addition of
filioque to the Nicene Creed
East: from the Father through the
Son
West: from the Father and the Son
Definitive Split
• 4. Popes assert authority over whole Church
• Michael Cerularius (patriarch of Constantinople)
– Anti-Latin Sentiments
– He closes all Latin Churches in the East and
excommunicates all priests who say Mass in Latin
– Does not like: Western practice of celibacy, the use of
unleavened bread, filioque, clean-shaven clergy, date of
Easter
Schism cont’d
• There is a mutual excommunication of
the West (by Michael Cerularius) and
the East (papal legates)
Gregory VII cont’d
• Insists on the primacy of the Church
over the State.
Feast
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The High Middle Ages
• 1150-1350
• This time period known as Christendom
– An absolute reign of Christ
– A period where Western (European) culture/civilization and
Catholicism were synonymous
– In this time period: Crusades, Rise of Mendicant Orders, the
Univesity System (height of Intellectual Catholicism)
The Crusades
• Causes:
– called for by many popes to free the Holy Land, esp.
Jerusalem, from Seljuk Turks (Muslims)
– Defense of the faith
• Ex: against the heresies like Albigensianism
• Those who volunteered for the Crusades were
promised things like a plenary indulgence
• 8 Crusades
The First Crusade
• Pope Urban II in 1095
• Captured Nicaea (1097), Antioch (1098)
and Jerusalem (1099)
• Main goal: capture Jerusalem
– It was a military success
2nd Crusade
• 1147-1149
• Led by King Louis VII and Emperor
Conrad III
• Effort to take Edesa
– was a disaster
• Louis’ forces go to Damascus, forced to
withdraw
• Conrad’s forces destroyed by the Turks
Third Crusade
• 1189-1192
• Response to the fallen kingdom of
Jerusalem, which had been conquered
by Saladin
• Leaders: Richard the Lionheart of
England, Philip II of France, German
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Innocent III
• Leading a cause for another Crusade while
3rd Crusade is still going on
– Intention: to address Muslim influence in Holy
Land
• Crusaders were offered money to overthrow
Constantinople by opponents to the
Byzantine Empire
• Latin Empire of Constantinople was founded
in 1204
– Latin Rite (Mass) forced on Byzantine Population
cont’d
• Innocent III sees that Catholic princes
more involved in their own power than
winning over non-believer to the faith.
• Catholics see that Muslims are
committed to their faith and have
military strength
Results of the Crusades
• Mixed results:
• Violence of Crusades was often
misdirected
• Positive:
– helped bolster economies, promote growth
of cities