Transcript Church Reform & the Crusades

Church Reform & the Crusades
Around 1000, a spiritual
revival extended across
Europe
Three problems were
facing the church
1). Numerous village
priests were married and
had families
2). The selling of
positions in the Church
by bishops – called
Simony
3). Lay investiture
• Reforms began at the Benedictine monastery at Cluny,
France
• Monks there followed the Benedictine rule
• Cluny gained a reputation for virtue
• By 1000, 300 monasteries were under Cluny’s leadership
• In 1098 another
order was founded
named Cistercian
(white monks)
• Different reform
popes, Leo IX and
Gregory VII would
enforce laws
against simony &
marriage of
priests during the
11th century
• The popes created a group
of advisors called the papal
Curia (after the Roman
term). It acted as a court
• They would travel
throughout Christendom
and would hear cases based
upon Canon Law.
• By the 12th century they
would be hearing thousands
of cases each year, some
involving kings. This would
increase the Pope’s
authority.
• In the 1200’s
another group of
monks were
formed called
friars.
• Unlike monks they
lived among society
• Friars owned
nothing and lived
by begging
• The 2 groups that
had the biggest
impact were the
Dominicans (black
monks because of
their cape) and the
Franciscans
• Francis, from Assisi
Italy came from a well
to do background. But
he was driven by the
desire to help
everyone, human and
animal.
• A soldier he had a
conversion after a
sermon saying take
nothing, and go forth
and tell everyone that
the Kingdom of
Heaven was at hand
• Francis and his friend, Clare,
(shown here – Francis is cutting
her hair), started a female
version called the Poor Clares
• Unlike men they were not
allowed to travel (for obvious
safety reasons)
• They too would live in poverty
and work to help the poor and
needy.
Bamburg
Cathedral
• Church styles would change with time. The above church
is built in the Romanesque style, popular between 8001100. They tended to have a fortress-like look to them
• In early 1100,s a new style called Gothic evolved
(named after the Germanic tribe, the Goths)
• Shown is Chartres Cathedral (13th century), France.
It is considered one of the 3 greatest in France
Sainte Chapelle haute. Paris, France
(Gothic
refers to all the arts, stained-glass, woodcarvings,
etc)
Salisbury
Cathedral,
England
• Westminster Abbey –
Norman, Romanesque,
and Gothic, all rolled
into one
The
Coronation
Chair (which
is in front of
the tomb of
Henry V)
Final resting place for
Queen Elizabeth I (in
Westminster Abbey,
London, England
Tomb of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)
The Crusades
• In 1093, the Byzantine
emperor, Alexius
Comnenus sent a
letter to Robert,
Count of Flanders.
• It was also read by
Pope Urban II
• He asked for help
against the Muslim
Turks who had been
encroaching on his
empire
• Pope Urban II
at the Council
of Clermont
sermonizing to
take back the
Holy Land in
what he termed
a “holy war”
• The original
goal of the
Crusades was
to recover
Jerusalem and
the Holy Land
from the
Muslim Turks
• But there were
other reasons
as well …
One reason was to get
the unruly knights out
of Europe so the
population could have
some peace
It offered
opportunity to
the younger
sons who
wouldn’t inherit
land from their
fathers
The Pope guaranteed a
place in heaven for
those who joined the
Crusades
• Italian merchants made lots of money transporting
crusaders to the Holy Land & Constantinople.
• The merchants of Venice, Genoa, & Pisa were hoping
to capture key trade routes to the east from the
Muslim traders.
• Leaving before the army a
people’s crusade of 100,000
led by Peter the Hermit
headed towards
Constantinople. The were
ill-prepared and were
constantly looking for food.
Attacked and harassed,
they arrived 2 years later
with about 30,000 (these
were not soldiers.)
• In 1097, 3 armies of
knights and people of all
classes gathered outside
Constantinople
• Over 70,000 were ferried
across the Bosporus
(Alexius would only let 6 at
a time enter his city and
would have taken too long)
Once in Turkish lands the people’s crusade split from the army.
They were easy prey for the Turks – most were killed and the
rest sold into slavery. Peter escaped and joined in with the
knights.
Along the way
to
Constantinople
the the
People’s
Crusade and
then the
knights would
practice their
fighting skills
by killing
unarmed Jews
in Germany (if
they refused
to convert).
Numbers vary
but probably
over 10,000
were killed in
Germany alone
• On their way to Jerusalem, some crusaders couldn’t resist taking a
few cities along the way and dispatching infidels too.
• Unfortunately the people that lived in the cities were Christians not
Muslims. Oh well…
• All together the Crusaders killed over 80,000 people with most
being Jews or Christians
On July 15, 1099 the
Crusaders captured
Jerusalem – the
crusades would conquer
a thin strip of land from
Jerusalem to Antioch
which would be split
into 4 states
• 45 years later
Edessa would be
captured by the
Turks and then
Jerusalem by their
greatest leader,
Saladin.
• This would lead to
the 2nd Crusade
which accomplished
nothing
• The 3rd Crusade was
the Crusader’s All
Star team.
• It was their best
chance to regain
Jerusalem… but it
failed.
• The only city of
importance they
captured was Acre
• Even though Saladin
had made the 1st of 3
payments to Richard
for 2700 hostages,
Richard had them
marched out to the
sea and slaughtered
The All-Star cast didn’t help. Frederick (BarBarossa) drowned en
route, the French king, Philip, argued with Richard I (Lionheart),
and went back to France
Even though he was king of England (remember,
Eleanor’s son), he was buried in France
•
•
•
There were other Crusades
The 4th only went to
Constantinople and the Crusaders
decided they traveled far
enough, sacked the city and held
it for 60 years
The Children’s Crusade was about
as successful as the peoples one
– they never got to
Constantinople
• The 7th & 8th were led by Louis IX (the only ruler to lead 2 crusades).
Both were disasters.
• There were more positives than negatives from the Crusades due to the
exposure to Muslim culture, goods from SE Asia. But religious
intolerance by the Crusaders was incorporated by the Muslims after
they ended.
Over on the Iberian peninsula, the Spanish & Portuguese were
having their own Crusade. Fighting for 700 years against the
Moors (N. African Muslims) they were finally driven out in
1492. This would lead to the Inquisition which the church lead
to root out heresy. It successfully expelled all Jews & Muslims
from Spain. (Consequently it would lead to their decline)
Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
• Climate warmed between 800 – 1200
• Farmers developed land previously too cold for crops
• Switching from two-field to three-field system
allowed them to produce a third more food.
• Forested land was cleared, more food produced,
and population increased
• Changed from
oxen to horse
for plowing
when a harness
that fit across
the chest was
produced
• With the Crusades, trade in local & foreign goods
began to increase
• These would make manors obsolete
• Guilds – an association of people who worked at the
same occupation. It was like a union. They could
control prices and quality
• One had to rise to the level of master to be
accepted in the guild
• Borrowing money
was prohibited by
the Church – to
Christians, that is
because lending
money for interest,
or usury, was a sin
• Jews were kept out
of guilds and from
owning land so they
had to resort to
lending money to
survive
• Later, realizing
they were missing
out on a good thing,
the church relaxed
their rules about
charging interest
As trade increased,
towns were formed at
crossroads, ports,
rivers, etc.
• Bathing was, in most places in Europe, thought to actually be unhealthy
• Unlike Roman cities
which were
organized, Medieval
towns were built
haphazardly.
Sanitation was nonexistent, waste was
just tossed out of
windows, homes
lacked running water
• The custom was
if a serf could
live in a town for
366 days they
were given their
freedom
• As the towns
and trade
progressed,
towns began to
flex their
economic
muscles.
Burghers, or
town dwellers
worked to have
the right to
govern their own
towns
Oxford University, England
Next to come were the universities. Oxford isn’t one college, but a
collection of 38 colleges. It began sometime in the 1100’s
• It was an opportunity for sons of burghers and well to do
artisans to get a job with the government or the church
A typical degree in theology might take 5-7 years – a masters would
take 12 years.
• The 2nd oldest University in Britain is
Cambridge.. Shown is Kings College,
which was begun in 1209
• Trinity in front & Kings behind. Trinity was founded by
Henry VIII
Some writers
began to use
vernacular –
the everyday
language of
their
homeland
The 2 most famous writers in the vernacular were Dante (Divine
Comedy), and Chaucer (Canterbury Tales). Both are credited
with standardizing their languages (Italian which Dante coined
the term, and English). These are the most accurate pictures
of the 2 authors.
• In the 1204 when the Venetians captured Constantinople,
they found many documents that had been lost to the west
• These and the Muslim libraries got them reacquainted with
the Greek greats
•
•
•
Christian scholars began to
visit Muslim libraries in
Spain in the 1100’s.
One theologian, Thomas
Aquinas was one that
attempted to use
Aristotle’s logical approach
to truth but still kept faith
with the Bible. He wrote
Summa Theologica.
Scholars who met at
universities were called
schoolmen, or scholastics