Transcript Crusades3and4onlinex

Saladin
After the disastrous second Crusade
the Muslim leader Saladin launches
an offensive against the Christian
occupiers
Saladin
• He was a just and
noble leader who
was admired by
many
• He united the
Muslim empires into
a strong and
formidable force to
rival the Christian
Crusaders
• Upon capturing
Jerusalem (1187)
he forbid his
soldiers to kill,
harm, or steal
from the
defeated
Crusaders.
• Saladin was now in firm control of
the Holy Land
• This angered European Kings who
began to plot yet another Crusade
to reclaim the Holy Land once
again
• This is the beginning of the 3rd
Crusade A.K.A. The Kings Crusade
The
rd
3
Crusade A.K.A. The
Kings Crusade
•Jerusalem falls to Saladin in 1187
• Spurred by religious zeal, Richard The
Lion-Hearted of England, Philip II of
France, and Frederick Barbarossa of
the Holy Roman Empire lead a new
Crusade
Frederick Barbarossa
• Barbarossa led a
massive army across
Anatolia (Eastern
Turkey), but died
from drowning
before reaching the
Holy Land. Many of
his discouraged
troops left to go
home.
Philip II of France
• Greatly
expanded
his own
royal power
• Held an
uneasy
alliance with
Richard the
Lionhearted
The two
Kings will
successfully
siege and
capture Acre
in 1191
 After this
Philip
returns
home

Richard The Lion-Hearted
• Richard was a tall,
handsome, and
brilliant military
commander
• He is ambitious and
sees the crusades as a
perfect way to expand
his power
Richard The Lion-Hearted
He and Philip II
capture Acre, but
Richard stays
around after Philip
flees and battles
Saladin for control
of the holy land
The Port City of Acre
Richard The Lion-Hearted
Don’t Write!
At one point in the battle
for Acre, while sick from
scurvy, Richard is said to
have picked off guards
on the walls with a
crossbow, while being
carried on a stretcher.
Richard and Philip
Don’t Write:
While in control of Acre,
the Christians massacred
2000 Muslim soldiers
who they had captured.
Saladin had agreed to
pay a ransom for them
but somehow there was
a breakdown in
the process of payment
and Richard ordered
their execution.
Don’t write
• The March to Jerusalem was hard on the
Richard’s soldiers. At night when the
Crusaders tried to rest, they were plagued by
tarantulas. Their bites were poisonous and
very painful.
• By 1192 even Richard the Lionhearted was
suffering from a fever
• Saladin sends him fresh water and fruit to heal faster
Richard vs. Saladin
• Realizing that Richard had no hope of holding
Jerusalem even if he took it, he ordered a retreat.
There then commenced a period of minor
skirmishes with Saladin's forces while Richard and
Saladin negotiated a settlement to the conflict, as
both realized that their respective positions were
growing unsustainable.
• Richard knew that both Philip and his own brother
John were starting to plot against him.
• However, Saladin insisted on the destruction of
Ascalon ( a newly rebuilt Christian fort) and a few
other points.
Richard vs. Saladin
• Richard made one last attempt to strengthen his
bargaining position by attempting to invade Egypt —
Saladin's chief supply-base — but failed.
• In the end, time ran out for Richard. He realized that
his return could be postponed no longer, since both
Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence.
• He and Saladin finally came to a settlement on
September 2, 1192 — this included the provisions
demanding the destruction of Ascalon's wall as well as
an agreement allowing Christian access to and
presence in Jerusalem. It also included a three-year
truce.
• However, for Richard the adventure was not over. On his journey
back to England, his ship got wrecked in a storm. He found that he
had to travel through Austria. This country was owned by a sworn
enemy of Richard - Duke Leopold of Austria. Leopold had
originally been a leading member of the Third Crusade but he had
been ridiculed by Richard who did nothing to stop his men
making fun out of Leopold. They called him "the sponge" because
he drank so much and was drunk too often! Leopold had lost a lot
of prestige and now he had a chance to avenge himself. Richard
was betrayed to Leopold who held him captive for two years until
a ransom was paid for him. Richard arrived home in 1194.
• Richard was known as the "Lionheart" by his people. Even the
Muslims praised him. The Muslim writer Baha wrote about
Richard while the Third Crusade was going on:
•
"......a very powerful man of great courage........a king of
wisdom, courage and energy.....brave and clever."
• With each crusade,
relations between
the Byzantines and
the Western forces
became more
tenuous
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204)
“Crusade for Constantinople”
• Pope Innocent III launched the Fourth Crusade
• was originally designed to conquer Muslim
Jerusalem through an invasion through Egypt.
Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders invaded and
conquered the Christian (Eastern Orthodox) city of
Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.
This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great
Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church
and Roman Catholic Church.
It has often
been
described as
one of the
most
profitable
and
disgraceful
sacks of a
city in
history
Acre – The last Christian stronghold
– falls in 1291
The Church of the Holy Sepulcher
- where the New
Testament says
that Jesus was
crucified, and is
said to also
contain the place
where Jesus was
buried
•
The shrine is built where Jesus was crucified. On this hilltop the Roman Catholics
celebrate the tenth to the thirteenth Stations of the Cross. The church is split in
two parts. The left section belongs to the Greek Orthodox and the right to the
Roman Catholics. The tenth station is commemorated at the top of the stairs
leading to Calvary where Jesus was stripped of his garments. The eleventh station
is at the silver altar where Jesus was nailed to the cross. The twelfth station is on
the Greek Orthodox altar, where Jesus died upon the cross. The limestone rock
underneath shows where the Cross of Jesus stood as well as the crosses of the two
thieves crucified with him. The thirteenth station is on the Roman Catholic side
where Jesus was taken down from the cross. This is commemorated at the altar of
Our Lady of Sorrows.
What was
the Impact
of the
Crusades?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Legacy of religious hatred
Increased trade
Increased Learning
Split between Church widened
Feudalism weakened
Money economy emerges
The Big Idea
• The Crusades:
– Were driven by Christians’ desire to force the
Muslims from Palestine as well as to gain wealth
and power
– Resulted in increased European trade with the
Muslim world
– Temporarily increased the power of the church
and monarchs
– Introduced Europeans to the advances of
Byzantine and Muslim civilizations