Transcript Colonization Powerpoint

Exploration and
Colonization
Unit One
The World: Pre-Columbus
I. Early Exploration

Late 1400s: European nations begin exploring and
establishing colonies in:
1)
Asia
2)
Africa
3)
The Americas

How were these nations in Europe able to
begin this “Age of Exploration?”
1)
National leaders had grown in power and
wealth and could afford to finance
voyages.
2)
New technology (compass, telescope,
improved ships) allowed explorers to travel
across vast oceans.
Portuguese “Caravel”

What convinced kings and queens to
pay for expeditions?
1)
“God”…Expansion was seen as a way to
spread Christianity.
2)
“Gold”…Countries hoped to discover
lands that would make them rich!
3)
“Glory”…Explorers and monarchs would
become heroes.

Portugal was the first nation to impact the Age of Exploration.
Sailed
into and around Africa –
returned with resources and African
slaves
Eventually
reached the Americas and
est. settlements in what is today
Brazil in South Am.
Brought
slaves to the New World and
attempted to convert Native
Americans to Christianity

Spain was the next nation to explore the Americas.
1492:
Christopher Columbus
explored islands in the
Caribbean
1499:
Amerigo Vespucci
wrote letters describing these
new lands (“America”)
Spain
considered these lands
open to colonization, even
though many native peoples
already lived there
 Columbian
Exchange: the exchange
of resources and goods between
Europe and the Americas
-benefited Europeans, not Native
Americans (slaves, death)
 Early
1500s: Spanish
conquistadors began conquering
Mexico and South Am. (ex:
Hernan Cortes overran the Aztecs
in 1519)
 1519: Juan Ponce de Leon
claimed Florida for Spain
 1595: St. Augustine, FL became
the first permanent European
settlement in North Am.
-oldest city in the US today
Castillo de San Marcos

Spain established missions to
teach Native Am.’s the Catholic
faith, the Spanish lang., and
how to be loyal to the King

These missions also served the
poor and set up schools

Spain established colonies in
present-day…
1) Mexico
2) Parts of South America
3) Southern and Southwest US
The
Spanish
Empire

European diseases killed millions of Native Americans

The natives had no immunity to
such diseases as small pox, measles,
the flu, etc.

This made it easier for Spain and
others to conquer Native Am. lands

France established their first permanent
settlement in North Am. at Quebec in presentday Canada (1608).

Some settled along the Ohio
and Miss. Rivers and the Gulf
of Mexico

Most came for economic
reasons

Est. a profitable fur trade with
the Native Am’s.

Most French, unlike other
nations, viewed their time in
Am. as temporary
 The
Netherlands (Holland)
established New Amsterdam in
1626 (now NYC)
II. The British Colonies

The British established colonies along the eastern coast of North America

Between the Atlantic and Appalachian
Mts.

From Georgia to Maine
Roanoke and Jamestown
Reading Activity

Roanoke, NC: first major attempt at British
settlement in the New World – failed twice

1585: starving
settlers returned
back to England

1587: ended in a
great mystery – only
empty buildings were
found

Jamestown, VA: first successful British settlement (1607)




Established by the Virginia Company
who hoped to profit from the raw
materials
Most of the early settlers died (brutal
winters, disease, starvation)
John Rolfe saved Jamestown by
bringing tobacco to the colony
House of Burgesses: first example of
self-government in the colonies (two
houses)
Jamestown (1607)
“Starving Time”




THE FAMISHED
JAMESTOWN
COLONISTS BEGAN BY
EATING THEIR
HORSES.
THE HORSES WERE
FOLLOWED BY RATS,
MICE, DOGS, CATS,
SNAKES AND ...
BOOTS.
THEN THEY BEGAN
EYEING EACH
OTHER!!!!
THEY WOULD LATER
CALL IT THE "STARVING
TIME," WINTER 1609-10.




SOME COLONISTS DUG THEIR OWN GRAVES
AND LAY DOWN IN THEM, RESIGNED TO DEATH.
THEY BOILED THEIR FANCY COLLARS, OR
RUFFS, FOR THE STARCH.
THEY ATE THEIR DEAD.
GEORGE PERCY, ONE OF JAMESTOWN'S
EARLY LEADERS, IN ABOUT 1625 PROVIDED
WHAT IS PROBABLY THE BEST-KNOWN AND
MOST GRUESOME ACCOUNT.
HE DESCRIBED A "WORLDE OF MISERIES" THAT
INCLUDED HUNGER-CRAZED COLONISTS
DIGGING UP THE DEAD, AND ONE MAN WHO
KILLED, "SALTED" AND CARVED UP HIS
PREGNANT WIFE FOR FOOD.
 Plymouth,
MA: established by a group of
Puritans, the Pilgrims, in 1620

Came for religious freedom
(persecuted by the Church of Eng.)

Mayflower Compact: first efforts at
self-government in New England
-est. an elected legislature and said
the gov’t derived its power from the
people

Over the next 150 years, England established 13 colonies in the New
World:
1)
Massachusetts
2)
Connecticut
3)
Pennsylvania
10) Rhode Island
4)
New York
11) Maryland
5)
Virginia
12) New Hampshire
6)
New Jersey
13) Georgia
7)
Delaware
8) North Carolina
9) South Carolina

Citizens living in these 13 colonies were citizens of
England as much as if they had been living in London,
England 3,000 miles away.

Why did thousands make the trip to the British Colonies?
1)
Religious Freedom
2)
Political Freedom
3)
Economic Opportunity

The British Colonies can be divided into 3 geographic regions, each with
its own economy and way of life:
1)
New England Colonies


Founded on religion and strongly
influenced by the Puritan faith
After the Pilgrims landed, other
Puritans settled farther north and
est. the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Some left Mass. and est. colonies elsewhere (RI,
CT, NH) – often left because of disagreements
with the church

Fundamentals Order of Connecticut: stated
that the govt’s power came only from the “free
consent of the people”

Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing were important
industries – farms were very small

Salem Witch Trials (1692): Accused of being
witches, several girls in Salem, Mass. were
sentenced to death

Puritans were the first to promote public
education (everyone should be able to read the
Bible)

Generally, only boys attended school while girls
trained for “womanly duties” at home
The Salem Witch Trials were a fearful and disastrous time in
American history. As regular children and adults were accused of
being witches, families were torn apart. The once friendly
communities were now full of rumors and distrust, suspicion, and
dislike. Anyone could be declared a witch, even innocent widows or
young girls who were different in one simple way or disliked by one
Puritan person. The punishments for witches were often horrifying
and included hanging, water drowning, burning, and pressing the
"witches."
2)
Middle Colonies

Religious tolerance attracted many to
the region (Quakers, Lutherans,
Presbyterians, Mennonites)

This was the most culturally diverse of
the 3 regions

Eng. conquered New Amsterdam and
renamed it New York

Pennsylvania became a homeland for
Quakers
 New
York, Baltimore, and
Philadelphia were important shipping
ports for trade
 Had a mixed economy of farming and
commerce (business)
 Wheat, barley, and rye were staple
crops (sold for profit)
3)
Southern Colonies

Est. primarily for economic reasons,
unlike New England

Relied on staple crops such as rice,
tobacco, and cotton which needed a
large labor force

Plantations, huge farms owned by
wealthy landowners, emerged in the
South

Farmers first used indentured servants –
people who agreed to work for up to 7 years in
exchange for the landowner paying for their
passage to Am.

Slavery took hold by the mid-1600s

The South did not develop major port cities
because of the numerous waterways leading to
the Atlantic

Education was not emphasized, except for the
wealthy

Colonial Women for the most part were considered 2nd-class citizens
 They
tended to enjoy far more freedom
than women in Eng. but still could not
vote nor usually attend school
 Their
main responsibilities were raising
children and taking care of the home
 Sometimes
allowed to own property if
their husband or father was unavailable
 Sometimes
took on the traditional jobs
of men due to labor shortages
III. Colonial Governments

Government Structure for each of the 13
colonies (greatly influenced by England’s
model):
1)
The King of Eng. appointed an official to rule
or govern each colony – Governor
2)
The Governor appointed a group of advisors
to help him rule - Council

Played two important roles in the government:
a.
Served as the highest court of each
colony
b.
Served as one house of each colony’s
lawmaking body
Note: The other house in each colony’s
lawmaking body was called a legislative
assembly which the people of that
colony elected

Those that settled in the New World
often brought their ideas about the
role and function of government
with them, including the British

4 Major Principles About Government Transplanted From
England to the Colonies:
1)
Limited Government: The idea that rulers should not have
total control over their people – rulers do not have
“absolute power”
2)
Representative Government: Citizens have the right to
pick (elect) their own leaders
3)
Rule of Law: All people,
including the govt, must obey a
set of written rules, or laws
4)
Individual Liberty: Each person
has “rights”

The colonists believed that they were entitled to the same rights as English
citizens.

1)
Many of these rights were contained in 2
important documents:
Magna Carta: signed by King John in 1215
– limited the power of the King, protected
the right of people to own property, and
guaranteed trial by jury
2) English Bill of Rights: a list
of freedoms that the govt
promised to protect,
required Parliament to meet
regularly, and said the King
couldn’t raise taxes without
Parliament’s consent

For the most part, Eng. allowed the colonists to rule
themselves up until the mid-1700s.

Salutary Neglect: colonists
were left alone as long as
they…
1)
Sent raw materials back
to Eng.
2)
Bought British goods
3)
Remained loyal to Eng.