Transcript The Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies
Liberty School- American History 11th
Ms. Stephanie Custodio
• The 13 colonies are divided into:
• The New England Colonies
• The Middle Colonies
• The Southern Colonies
The New England Colonies
• New England is a region
in
the
northeastern
corner of the U.S.A.,
consisting of:
1.2.3.4.-
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
The New England Colonies:
Introduction
• Pilgrims form England settled in New England in
1620, to form Plymouth Colony.
•
Ten years later, the Puritans settled north of
Plymouth in Boston, forming Massachusetts Bay
Colony.
• Over the next 130 years,
New England fought in
four French and Indian
Wars, until the British
defeated the French
and their native allies.
The New England Colonies:
Massachusetts
• Puritans: A religious group that wanted to
reform the Church of England, different from
the Pilgrims, who wanted to separate
entirely from the Church.
• They were a powerful group in England:
they were well-educated, merchants,
landowners.
The New England Colonies:
Massachusetts
• Reasons for leaving England:
– King Charles I disliked their religious ideas: he took away
many Puritan businesses, expelled Puritans from universities,
a few were even jailed.
– Some Puritan leaders decided that England had fallen into
“evil and declining times”.
– Economic reasons: looking for land and new businesses.
• In 1629, they convinced royal officials to grant the a
charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company,
with the plan to build a new society in New
England, based on the laws of God as they
appeared in the Bible.
The New England Colonies:
Massachusetts
• John
Winthrop
and
other
colonists arrived in 1627. He was
chosen as the first governor of
the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
– He set an example: he worked as
hard as anyone to build a home,
clear land, and plant crops.
– He tried to govern according to its
charter: only stockholders who had
invested money had the right to
vote. The rest resented taxes and
laws passed by the government in
which they had no say.
The New England Colonies:
Massachusetts
• Puritans were determined to keep non-Puritans out of
government, so they granted the right to vote for
governor to all men who were Church members.
• Later, Church members elected representatives to
an assembly called the General Court.
• The Great Migration: Between 1629 and 1640, more
than 20,000 men, women, and children journeyed
from England to Massachusetts.
• Boston became the colony’s largest town.
The New England Colonies:
Connecticut
• In May 1636, Thomas Hooker and a group of settlers left
Massachusetts Bay, settled a long the Connecticut River, and
built a town called Hartford.
• He left Massachusetts Bay because he believed the governor
and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a
colony with laws that set strict limits to government.
• The settlers wrote the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:
– It gave the vote to all men who
were property owners, including the ones
that were not members of the Church.
– It limited the governor’s power.
• Connecticut became a separate colony in 1662, with a new
charter granted by the king of England.
The New England Colonies:
Rhode Island
• Roger Williams believed strongly that
the Puritan Church had too much
power in Massachusetts.
– He believed that the business of the
church and state should be completely
separate.
• Concern with political affairs would corrupt the
church.
• The role of the state was to maintain order and
peace and should not support a particular
church.
• The Puritan leaders didn’t have the right to force
people to attend religious services.
– He believed in religious toleration.
The New England Colonies:
Rhode Island
• The Massachusetts General Court ordered Williams
to leave the colony in 1635.
– He escaped to Narragansett Bay, spending the winter with
Indians, fearing he would be sent back to England.
– In the spring, the Indians sold him land, becoming the
colony of Rhode Island.
– He allowed complete freedom of religion to Jews,
Protestants, and Catholics.
– He didn’t set up a state church, or require settlers to
attend church services.
– He gave all white men the right to vote.
The New England Colonies:
Anne Hutchinson
• Anne Hutchinson was a devout Puritan
who attended church services regularly in
Boston.
– After church, she and her friends
gathered at her home to discuss the
minister’s sermon, and often she
questioned some of the minister’s
teachings. She was very persuasive,
neighbors flocked to her hear.
• Puritan leaders grew angry, they believed her opinions were
full of religious errors and that a woman didn’t have the right
to explain God’s law. She was ordered to appear before the
Massachusetts General Court in November 1637.
The New England Colonies:
Anne Hutchinson
• At her trial, Hurchinson answered the questions from Winthrop
and other court members,
and her answers revealed
weaknesses in their arguments: they couldn’t prove she had
broken Puritan laws or disobeyed religious teachings.
• Hutchinson made a serious mistake: she told the court that
God had spoken directly to her “by the voice of His own spirit
to my soul”. Puritans believed that God spoke only through
the Bible, not directly to individuals.
•
-The Court ordered her out of the
colony.
-Hutchinson, her family, and some
friends went to Rhode Island.
-She became an important
symnbol for religious freedom.
The New England Colonies:
Relations with Native Americans
• Some settlers built trading and fishing villages along
the coast north of Boston, establishing the colony of
New Hampshire.
• Settlers toke over lands used by Native Americans.
Fighting often broke our between settlers and
Indians.
– Largest conflict came in 1675 when the Wampanoag Indians and
other Indian groups that allied to them, attacked colonial villages
throughout New England.
– Fighting lasted 15 months. At the end, Metacom, the
Wampanoag’s chief, was captured and killed.
– The English sold his family and other Indians into slavery in the West
Indies.
The New England Colonies:
Lifestyle
• New England’s Rocky soil was poor for
farming.
– They learned to grow Native American crops: corn, bean,
squash, pumpkins.
– They hunted wild turkey, deer, hogs.
– They collected the sweet sap from the maple trees.
– They built ships from cut down
trees.
– They fished for cod, halibut,
shellfish, oysters, lobsters,
whales (for oil and ivory)
•
The New England Colonies:
Lifestyle
Villages:
– At the center was the common: an open field where cattle
grazed.
– The meeting house: where Puritans worshipped and held
town meetings.
– Houses: made of wood, steep roofs.
• Customs:
– Sabbath- holy day of rest.
– Sundays: no one was allowed to play games, visit taverns to
joke, talk, and drink. Law required all citizens to attend
church services.
– In town meetings they discussed what roads should be built,
fences to repair, schoolmaster’s pay, etc.
– Witchcraft was punished by death.
– Average family had 7 or 8 children.
The Middle Colonies
• The middle colonies comprised the middle
region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British
Empire in North America.
1.-New York
2.-Pennsylvania
3.-New Jersey
4.-Delaware
The Middle Colonies
• Much of the area was part of the NEW
NETHERLAND until the British exerted
control over the region.
• The British captured much of the area
in its war with the Dutch around 1664,
and the majority of the conquered
land became the Province of New
York.
• The Middle Colonies had rich soil,
allowing the area to become a major
exporter of wheat and other grains.
The Middle Colonies:
New York
• Patroons: owners of large parcels of
lands, or manors.
• Dutch officials granted the land to
patroons. In return, they promised to
settle at least 50 European farm
families on the land.
• Patroons had great power, they
charged whatever rents they
pleased, few farmers wanted to
work with them.
The Middle Colonies:
New York
• Many people came to the colony attracted
by religious tolerance, although most were
Protestants, who belonged to the Dutch
Reformed Church.
• They allowed people from other religions
(Catholics, French Protestants, and Jews) to
buy land.
• The rivalry between England and the
Netherlands for trade and colonies led to war
in Europe in 1664.
• King Charles II of England entered New
Amsterdam’s harbor, took over the city, and
gave it to his brother, the Duke of York.
• The king renamed the colony New York.
The Middle Colonies:
New Jersey
• The Duke of York realized New York
was too big to govern. He gave some
of the land to his friends Lord Berkeley
and Sir George Carteret, and set up a
proprietary colony: New Jersey.
• Proprietary colony: the king gave land
to one or more people, called
proprietors, which were free to divide
the land and rent it to others.
– They made laws for the colony but had to
respect the rights of colonists under English
law.
The Middle Colonies:
New Jersey
• New Jersey attracted people from many lands:
English Puritans, French Protestants, Scots, Irish,
Swedes, Dutch, and Finns.
• In 1702, it became a royal colony under the control
of the English crown.
– The colony’s charter protected religious freedom and the
rights of an assembly that voted on local matters.
The Middle Colonies:
Pennsylvania
• William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania.
– He came from a wealthy family, he was a personal
friend of King Charles II.
– At age 22 he shocked his family and friends by joining the
Quakers.
• Quaker beliefs:
– Were Protestant reformers.
– They believed that all people (men, women, nobles, and
commoners) were equal in God’s sight.
– They refused to bow or remove their hats in the presence of lords
and ladies.
– They spoke out against war and refused to serve in the army.
• In England, Quakers were arrested, fined, and even hanged
for their beliefs.
The Middle Colonies:
Pennsylvania
• Penn became convinced that
Quakers should leave England, and
turned for help to King Charles.
– The king made Penn the proprietor of a
large tract of land in North America,
and
named
the
new
colony
Pennsylvania (Penn’s woodlands).
• Penn thought of his colony as a
“holy experiment”:
– He wanted it to be a model of religious
freedom, peace, and Christian living.
– Protestants, Catholics, and Jews went to
Pennsylvania to escape persecution,
but later, English officials forced Penn to
turn them away.
The Middle Colonies:
Pennsylvania
• Penn spoke
Americans.
out
for
fair
treatment
of
Native
– He believed that the land belonged to the Indians and that
settlers should pay for the land.
– Native Americans respected Penn’s policy.
– As a result, Pennsylvania enjoyed many years of peace with
their Indian neighbors.
• Penn sent pamphlet to Europe, describing his colony.
– New settlers from: England, Scotland, Wales, Netherlands,
France, Germany. German-speaking Protestants were later
known as Pennsylvania Dutch.
• Philadelphia was the colony’s capital, along the
Delaware River.
The Middle Colonies:
Delaware
• Pennsylvania
included
some lands along the
lower Delaware River,
known as Pennsylvania’s
Lower Counties.
– Settlers
in
the
Lower
Counties didn’t want to
send its delegates to a faraway
assembly
in
Philadelphia.
– In 1701, Penn allowed them
to elect their own assembly.
– Later, the Lower Counties
broke away to form the
colony of Delaware.
The Middle Colonies: Lifestyle
• The Hudson and Delaware River Valleys were rich and fertile.
• Winters were milder than in New England, the growing season
lasted longer.
• Cash crops: crops sold for money on the world market- wheat,
barley, and rye.
– The Middle Colonies became known as the Breadbasket colonies
for exporting so much grain.
• Farmers also raised herds of cattle and pigs.
– They sent tons of beef, pork, and
butter to New England, South or West
Indies, England, and other parts
of Europe.
• The colony became a center of
manufacturing and crafts: hardware,
clocks, watches, locks, guns, flints,
glass, stoneware, nails, paper, etc.
The Middle Colonies: Lifestyle
• Home improvements:
– Swedish introduced long cabins to America.
– The Dutch used red bricks to build narrow, high-walled houses.
– Germans developed a wood-burning stove that heated a home
better than a fireplace.
• Backcountry: area of land along the eastern slopes
of the Appalachian Mountains.
– German and Sctoch-Irish settlers arrived and settled in these
area, following an old Iroquois trail known as the Great Wagon
Road.
– They had to clear thick forests to farm the backcountry.
• Settlers learned from the Indians:
– How to use knots from pine trees as
candles to light their homes.
– Wooden dishes from logs.
– Gathered honey from hollows in trees.
– Hunted wild animals for food.
The Southern Colonies
• The Southern Colonies were established
during the 16th and 17th centuries and
consisted of:
1.-South Carolina
2.-North Carolina
3.-Maryland
4.-Virginia
5.-Georgia
The Southern Colonies
• Over time, the region
quickly became well
known for its high slave
population and highly
stratified
class
distribution.
• The Mason-Dixon Line
was
the
boundary
between Pennsylvania
and Maryland, and
between the Middle
and Southern colonies.
The Southern Colonies:
Maryland
• In 1632, Sir George Calvert
convinced King Charles I to
grant him land for a colony in
the Americas.
– He planned to build a colony,
Maryland, where Catholics could
practice their religion freely.
– When he died, his son Cecil, Lord
Baltimore, pushed on with the
project, becoming the proprietor
of the colony.
The Southern Colonies:
Maryland
• In the spring of 1664, 200 colonists landed
along the upper Chesapeake Bay, across
from the southern colony of Virginia.
– Chesapeake Bay was full of fish, oysters, and crabs.
– Virginians were already growing tobacco for profit,
Maryland settlers hoped to do the same.
– First town built: St. Mary’s
– He appointed a governor
and a council of advisors.
– He created an elected
assembly, giving colonists a
role in the government.
The Southern Colonies:
Maryland
• Lord Baltimore made generous land grants to anyone
who brought over servants, women, and children.
– A few women took advantage of this offer: two sisters,
Margaret and Mary Brent, arrived in 1638 with nine male
servants.
– They set up two plantations, 1,000 acres each.
– Margaret Brent prevented a rebellion among the governor’s
soldiers.
– The colony’s assembly praised her efforts: “the colony’s safety
at any time [was better] in her hands than in any man’s.”
• Act of Toleration: act that provided religious freedom
for all Christians.
– It ensured Maryland’s continued growth.
The Southern Colonies:
Virginia
• Many settlers had gone to Virginia lured by the
promise of profits from tobacco.
– Wealthy planters tool the best lands near the coast;
newcomers had to push inland, onto Indian lands.
• Conflict over land led to fighting between settlers and
Indians:
– Indians and white leaders often met to restore peace.
– New settlers continued to press inland, Indians continued to
attack the frontier plantations.
– After several bloody clashes, settlers called on the governor
to take actions against Native Americans.
– The governor refused, he profited from his own fur trade with
Indians.
– Frontier settlers were furious.
The Southern Colonies:
Virginia
• Bacon’s Rebellion:
– Nathaniel Bacon was a young, ambitious planter.
– He organized angry men and women on the frontier, and
raided Native American villages.
– Then he led his followers to Jamestown and burned the
capital.
– Bacon died suddenly, the revolt fell apart.
– The governor hanged 23 of Bacon’s followers, but still couldn’t
stop English settlers from moving onto Indian lands along the
frontier.
The Southern Colonies:
The Carolinas
• To the north, settlers were mostly poor tobacco
farmers, with small farms, who had drifted from
Virginia.
• To the south, 8 English nobles
set up a larger colony.
– They received a land grant as
proprietors, from King Charles II.
– Charles Town was the largest
settlement, later shortened to Charleston.
– Most settlers in Charleston came from Barbados, the English
colony in the Caribbean.
– Other immigrants arrived later: Germans, Swiss, French
Protestants, Spanish Jews.
The Southern Colonies:
The Carolinas
• Rice grew well in the swampy lowlands along the
coast.
– Rice was a valuable crop traded around the world.
– Carolina needed a large number of workers to grow rice.
– They tried to enslave local Indians, but many died of disease
or mistreatment and others escaped into the forests.
– Planters turned to slaves from Africa, who were brought
against their will.
• North Carolina had fewer slaves. Differences between
the two areas led to the
division of the colony into
North Carolina and South
Carolina in 1712.
The Southern Colonies:
Georgia
• James Oglethorpe- respected soldier and energetic reformerfounded Georgia in 1732
– He wanted the colony to be a place where people jailed for debt in
England could make a new start.
– English government could imprison debtors until they paid what they
owned.
– When they got out of jail they often had no money and no place to
live.
• Oglethorpe and 120 colonists built the colony’s first settlement:
Savannah.
• Colony’s rules:
– Farms could be no bigger than 50 acres
– Slavery was forbidden
– Later, Oglethorpe changed the rules to allow larger plantations and
slavery, making the colony grow quickly.
The Southern Colonies:
Plantation Life
• The Southern Colonies enjoyed warmer weather and
a longer growing season than the colonies to the
north.
– Virginia, Maryland, parts of North Carolina: tobacco-growing areas.
– South Carolina and Georgia: raised rice and indigo (blue dye).
• Colonists found that it was most profitable to raise crops in
large plantations with slaves.
– Most slaves worked in the fields.
– Some were skilled workers: carpenters, barrelmakers, blacksmiths.
– Some worked as cooks, servants, housekeepers.
The Southern Colonies:
Plantation Life
• Location:
– Tide-Water: region along the coastal
plain with an area of low land that
stretched like fingers among broad rivers
and creeks.
• It offered rich farmland for plantations.
• They could have their own docks, and
merchant ships picked crops and delivered
goods directly to them.
– Inland, planters settled along rivers.
• They provided an easy way to move goods to
market.
• Planters loaded their crops on ships bound to
the West Indies and Europe.
• On the return trip, ships carried English goods
and luxuries for planters and their families.
The Southern Colonies:
Plantation Life
• Only a small percentage of white southerners owned
large plantations, yet they set the style of life in the
South.
– Life centered around the Great House, where the planter and his
family lived; the grandest of these houses had:
•
•
•
•
Elegant quarters for the family
A parlor for visitors
Dining room
Guest bedrooms
– In the growing season, planters
decided what crops to grow, when
to harvest, and when to take them
to market.
– Planters’ wives ran the household, directed house slaves, and
made sure daily tasks were done.
The Southern Colonies:
The Backcountry
• West of the Tidewater was an area of hills and thick
forests at the base of the Appalachians, called the
backcountry, just as in the Middle Colonies.
– It was more democratic than the Tidewater
• Settlers treated one another as equals.
• Men worked in their tobacco or corn fields, or hunted game.
• Women cooked meals and fashioned clothing out of wool and
deerskin.
– Hardships brought families together:
• Families gathered to husk corn or help
one another raise barns.
• Families felled trees, grew crops,
changed the face of the land.
The Southern Colonies:
Growth of Slavery
• First Africans in the colonies
included free people, servants,
and slaves; even the enslaved
enjoyed some freedom.
• Slaves on plantations:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Used farming skills they had brought from West Africa.
They showed English settlers to grow rice.
They knew how to use wild plants unfamiliar to the English
Made water buckets out of gourds.
Used palmetto leaves to make fans, brooms, baskets.
They cleared the land
Worked on crops
Tended livestock.
The Southern Colonies:
Growth of Slavery
• To control the large number of slaves,
colonists passed slave codes.
– They set out rules for slaves’ behavior and
denied slaves their basic rights.
– Slaves were not seen as humans, but as
property.
• Most English colonists believed that black
Africans were inferior to White Europeans.
(racism)
• Some colonists believed they helped slaves
by introducing them to Christianity.
• Quakers in Germantown, Pennsylvania
became the first group of colonists to call
for an end to slavery in 1688.
The Southern Colonies:
The Slave Trade
• European slave traders set up posts along
the African coasts.
– They offered guns and other goods to African
rulers who brought them slaves.
• Most slave ships went to Brazil and the
Caribbean.
• The trip from Africa to the Americas was
called the Middle Passage:
– Slaves were crammed into small spaces below
deck.
– Once or twice a day, the crew allowed the
captives up on deck to eat and exercise.
– Some Africans fought for their freedom during the
trip, others refused to eat.
• Records of slave voyages show that about
10% of all Africans shipped didn’t survive
the Middle Passage.
Roots of Self-Government
• Mercantilism: theory that a nation became strong by
keeping strict control over its trade.
– Mercantilists thought that a country should export more than it
imported.
– Exports: good sent to markets outside a country.
– Imports: goods brought into a country.
• If England sold more goods abroad, gold would flow into
the home country as payment for those exports.
Roots of Self-Government
• Navigation Acts:
– Acts passed by the English Parliament in the 1650s that regulated
trade between England and its colonies.
– Purpose: ensure that only England benefited from colonial trade.
• Under these laws:
– Only colonial or English ships could carry goods to and from the
colonies.
– They listed certain products that colonial merchants could ship only
to England (tobacco and cotton)
• Benefits:
– Law encouraged colonists to build their own ships.
– New England became a prosperous shipbuilding center.
– Colonial merchants did not have to compete with foreign
merchants because they were sure of having a market for their
goods in England.
Roots of Self-Government:
Trade in Rum and Slaves
• Yankees: merchants from New England
– They dominated colonial trade.
– Were clever and hardworking, earned a reputation for profiting
from any deal.
• Triangular Trade: a route developed by colonial
merchants with its three legs forming a triangle.
– First leg: ships from New England carried fish, lumber, and other
goods to the West Indies. Yankees bought sugar and molasses
(syrup from sugar cane), and made rum back in New England.
– Second leg: ships carried rum, guns, gunpowder, cloth, and
tools from New England to West Africa. In Africa these goods
were traded for slaves.
– Third leg: ships carried enslaved Africans to the West Indies. With
the profits from selling them, traders bought more molasses.
Roots of Self-Government:
Trade in Rum and Slaves
• Many New England merchants
grew
wealthy
from
the
triangular
trade,
often
disobeying the Navigation
Acts.
– Traders were supposed to buy
sugar and molasses only from
English colonies in the West
Indies.
– The demand for molasses was
so high that New Englanders
smuggled in cargoes from the
Dutch, French, and Spanish
West Indies.
– Bribes made customs officials
look other way.
Roots of Self-Government:
Colonial Government
• A governor directed the colony’s affairs and enforced
the laws.
– They were appointed by the king or by the colony’s proprietor.
– In Connecticut and Rhode Island the colonists elected their own
governors.
• Each colony had a legislature- a group of people who have the
power to make laws.
– It had an upper house (made of advisers appointed by the governor) and a
lower house (an elected assembly).
– It approved laws and protected the rights of
citizens.
– It had the right to approve any taxes the
governor asked for. (“power of the purse”governor’s right to raise or spend money)
– Any governor who ignored the assembly
risked losing his salary.
Roots of Self-Government:
Colonial Government
• Each colony had its own rules about who could vote.
– By the 1720s all the colonies had laws that restricted the right to vote
to white Christian men over the age of 21.
– In some colonies, only Protestants or members of a particular Church
could vote.
– All voters had to own property- they believed they knew what was
best for a colony.
Roots of Self-Government:
Colonial Government
• Colonists valued their elected assembly and the rights
the Magna Carta gave them as English subjects.
• Colonists won more rights as a result of the Glorious
Revolution of 1688.
– Parliament removed King James II from the throne and asked William
and Mary of Netherlands to rule.
– William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights in 1689 in return for
Parliament’s support- a written list of freedoms the government
promises to protect.
• The English Bill of Rights
– Protected the rights of individuals.
– Gave anyone accused of a crime the
right to trial by jury.
– Said that a ruler could not raise taxes or an army without the
approval of the Parliament.
Roots of Self-Government:
Limits on Liberties
• English colonists enjoyed more freedoms than the
English themselves, but the English citizens’ rights didn’t
extend to all colonists.
• Rights of women:
– Women had more rights in the colonies.
– A woman’s father or husband was supposed
to protect her.
– A married woman could not start her own
business or sign a contract unless her husband approved it.
– Unmarried women and widows had more rights than married women:
• They could make contracts and sue in court.
• In Maryland and the Carolinas, women settlers who headed families could buy land
on the same terms as men.
• Africans and Native Americans had almost no rights:
– Most Africans were bound in slavery