Transcript File - dbalmshistory

Identifying American
Geography
Use the maps in your textbook to
locate and identify the locations of the
places listed on you the worksheet.
Early America
From Exploration to Colonization
American Pre-history

How did we all get here?
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Three Theories:
• Overland Migration = Bering Strait Theory
• Multiple Entry Migration
• Coastal Migration
• Trans-Pacific Migration
• Indigenous Origin Creation
Bering Strait Theory
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American Indians are thought to have
descended from northern Asians who
migrated to North America by crossing over
a now-submerged land bridge from Siberia
to Alaska somewhere between 11,500 and
20,000 years ago.
The theory is now expanded to encompass
travelers from as far away as Africa.
Most popularly believed theory.
Is this a
myth???
The American Indians

American Native way of life:

Diverse cultures.
• Clans, Tribes, Tribal Confederacy

Spirituality
• Natural and Supernatural linked.

Sustainability
• Hunter/Gatherers  Agrarian Society
Knowledge and learning
 Civilized

• Cities, Governments, Laws (Aztec, Mayans, Inca)
Farming:
1. Around 7,000 BC, humans in Central America learned to
farm.
2. At first, they grew corn, beans, and squash.
3. Over time, other humans in the America’s learned to
farm.
4. This allowed for civilizations to emerge.
5. The 1st civilizations were in Central and South America.
 Olmecs, Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
Squash
Beans
Corn (Maize)
Civilization among Native
American Indians
The Europeans
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What's happening in
Europe?
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1200’s – 1600’s
Coming out of the “Dark
Ages”
Renaissance
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Arts – Leo Divinci
Technology
Education
Science
Religious Reform
European views on Indians:
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Generally thought Indians lacked genuine religion; seen as
savages
Thought Indians were not “using” all of their land and did
not have property claims
In the European view: No property deed, no right to land.
Viewed Indian men as savages who were mentally and
spiritually weak
Often seen as abusers who mistreated Indian women
Europeans believed the idea of freedom was alien to Indian
society.
Ironically, the Europeans believed the Indians were “too
free” because they did not have laws that conformed with
European society
European Ideals of Freedom

European ideals of freedom were based on:
 Personal Independence
 Ownership of private property
 People governed under a set of laws

Fusion of religion and politics
 Obedience to Christ meant freedom from sin (religious views)
 Obedience to laws mean freedom in the European
political/social mentality
 Women had little to no rights and had to be obedient to their
husbands

Freedom was a function of social class
 For the masses: Limited freedom and “obedience” was the cost
of a well-ordered society
 For the rich: “Masterless men” enjoyed liberties that the
majority did not
Exploration, Expansion, & Trade
Trade linked through land routes: Persia,
Arabia, Asia, & the Silk Road
 Europeans had ship trade in the
Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean
 Wanted a direct route to the east rather than
dealing with the middle man
 Atlantic Ocean was vastly unknown

Motives for Exploration
Money, Money, Money  Economic
 Desire for wealth and foreign goods
 Wanted to sell foreign goods for profit
 Eventually… religious freedom
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Push/Pull Factors… What’s that?
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The Natives & The Settlers…
The Age of Exploration…
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The Portuguese take the lead:
Bartolomeu Dias 1487-1488
 Vasco da Gama 1498
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The West Africans
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Songhia and Benin Kingdoms
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Highly civilized and densely populated.
Advanced Agriculture (Gold & Salt mines)
Iron Weapons
Writing System
Transportation System (Camel Caravans & Riverboats)
Speaking of Camels…
Portuguese Expansion
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The Portuguese began exploration before 1492
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Prince Henry the Navigator established an exploration school
in 1420.
 Had new technology such as the caravel, compass, cannons,
and quadrant.
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The goal: make travel along the African coast as efficient as
possible
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Objectives:
 Explore the African coastline to find a better route to the
Indies
 Make cash from trading in the Indies
Portuguese Expansion
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“New Monarchs” Movement
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Portugal, Spain, England, and France fell into this
movement that stressed economic gain through
exploration over constant warfare
Additionally the notion of “God and Country” began tied
with this movement
Results:
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The Portuguese establish trading posts along the west
coast of Africa
They begin colonizing the African Islands on the Atlantic
Establish sugar plantations and begin the Atlantic Slave
Trade
Atlantic Slave Trade
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Slavery in Africa
 Slavery existed as a form of labor in Africa before Europeans became interested
 Warfare was common due to influence from the Islamic empires
(The rise and fall of Mali, Ghana, and Songhai)
 Wealthy war lords would take POWs as slaves and sell them
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European Interest
 Portugal was the first European nation to establish a trading empire in Africa
 They traded textiles and guns for African slaves
 Roughly 1000 slaves per year were traded along the Middle Passage initially
(Route from Europe to West Africa, to North America)
 By 1800, 5 ½ million adults and 11 million children were transported as slaves
 Europeans saw slavery as a great economic boon
 They did not notice the social impact that slavery had in Africa
 As a result, they transplanted the ‘economic mentality’ of slavery to the rest of
Europe
Spanish Expansion
Essentially, Spain got jealous of Portugal’s economic
boom and had to get involved…
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Spain had recently gotten over the Spanish
Reconquista (pushed the Moors out of Spain) and
wanted desperately to become a big economic
power
The Spanish Reconquista was the only successful
crusade
The goal of the Reconquista was to purge Spain of
Islamic factions
Basically, they ordered all Muslims to convert to
Catholicism or get out
By the end of the 1400s, Spain was sending
numerous explorers to find a way to the Indies
The Spaniards
Have Landed…
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The Spanish
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Christopher Columbus 1492…
• But what did he really discover???
• Where did we get the name “Indians”?
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The Conquistadores
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GOD – GOLD – GLORY (3G Coverage)
Hernando Cortes’ – Aztecs (Mexico) 1519-1521
Juan Ponce de Leon – Fountain of Youth (Florida) 1513
Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River Valley (Cherokee)
The Colombian Exchange
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Horses, Steal Weapons…
and Biological Warfare?
Smallpox, Measles, and Cholera
 Enslaved Indians die out… need slaves from
Africa to compensate loss.
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Positives: Trade, Livestock, Colonial
possibilities
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Page 25 in your books
Amerigo Vespucci
Sailed along the coast
of South America
around 1500
 He received the credit
for discovering the
New World.
 “America” is named
after him.
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Some Key Terms
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Spanish used a system called the “Encomienda
system” for receiving land grants and
commission cuts on all the Indian villages that
were sacked
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The Spanish crown granted a person a partial track of
land and a number of natives that they would “look
after” and use as labor.
The Catholic Church was very influential in this
system
Some Key Terms
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Mercantilism
When the prosperity of a nation is based upon
its supply of capital (gold, silver, trade value)
and the global volume of international trade is
static.
 Encourage exports and discourage imports
(using tariffs and subsidies)
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The Northwest Passage
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In South America…
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Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
• Pope Alexander VI
• Line of Demarcation
• Spain on the Left
• Portuguese on the Right
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In North America…
The French and English didn’t care…
 Looked for new passageway through North
America
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Conclusions & Exit Ticket
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Explain the following statements
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“Indians” where here long before Europeans.
The Indians didn’t have to die out.
Columbus never set foot in “America”.
Explain the differences between Native Americans
and European Explorers in the following three areas:
1.
2.
3.
Land Ownership
Worship
Government.