Transcript Chapter_1_A_New_World

Chapter 1
A NEW WORLD
The First Americans
• Migration via Bering Land Bridge
• When? 15,000 – 60,000 years ago?
• Various levels of Indian societies
 Empires – Incas & Aztecs
 Large urban civilizations – “Mound
Builders” - Cahokia
 Western Indians – Pueblos
 Small, diverse tribal societies
 Hunter-gatherers w/varying degrees
of agriculture
The First Americans
• Indian Religion – Animist
• Custom of gift-giving – alleviated problems of poverty; linked different groups
through obligation
• Most Indian societies matrilineal
• Women were primary property owners
• In Eastern North America, Indian women performed most agricultural work
(tobacco)
First Americans
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Migrated over Bering land bridge
Urban Civilization – mound builders; Cahokia most significant
Religion – animists; spirits of nature
Usually matrilineal – blood lines through mothers
Women did most farm work except tobacco – tobacco religious purposes
Chief economic activity was hunter-gathering w/agriculture
Reading: Native Americans and the
Environment
What were differences between Northern and Southern tribes?
What was basic socio-political unit of tribes?
How did Indians adapt to the environment?
How did Indians change their environment?
How did Indians and Europeans view each other? What contributed
to their misunderstandings?
Columbus
Reasons for European exploration
 Demand for spice and other trade goods
 High cost through Middle East
 Competition with Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portugal’s opening of the Indian
Ocean
Columbus
Spain and Queen Isabella circa 1492
The Deal
 Title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea
 Political control of discovered lands
 Ten percent of profits made in trade
Four voyages
Did Columbus really not know the truth?
Spanish America
Treaty of Tordesillas
1513 - Balboa - Pacific Ocean
1513 - Ponce de Leon - Florida
1519 - Cortes - Aztecs
1519 - Magellan
Spanish America
1520’s - Cabeza de Vaca - Gulf coast and
American Southwest
1530’s - Pizarro – Incas
1530’s - de Soto and Coronado – north to
Kansas and Grand Canyon
By 1600’s permanent settlements at St.
Augustine in Florida and Santa Fe in New
Mexico
Journey of Cabeza de
Vaca
Spanish America
Europeans = gods
The Spanish requerimiento
Mistreatment and slaughter
Christianizing the natives
Spanish America
• Spanish imperial control of colonies
• An “Empire of Towns” – urban civilization
• Crown replaced conquistadores with lawyers
and bureaucrats
• Royal officials – Peninsulares
• Criollos (Creoles) – wealthy landowners
(haciendas)
• As Empire declined power devolved to Creoles
Spanish America
• Importation of African slaves
unnecessary – Indians used in mines
and on haciendas
• Significant numbers of Spanish
colonists – single men ordered to
marry
• Blending of Spanish and Indians =
Mestizo
Spanish America
Life shaped mainly by Franciscan friars
Mission settlements worked by local
Indians
Treatment of Indians led to numerous
rebellions – most notable led by
Pueblo Indians in 1680
By mid-1690’s Spanish regained
control
Disease & Population Loss
Genocide? A live Indian is better than
a dead one
Bartolome de Las Casas – Spanish
cruelty
Pope outlawed enslavement of
Indians - encomienda abolished
The Black Legend
Disease – decimation of Indian
populations
Spanish in America
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Exploration – wanted direct access to costly spice; competition
Prince Henry the Navigator – trained explorers; explored coast of Africa
Treaty of Tordesillas – Pope divided world between Spain & Portugal
Spain kept Philippines / Portugal kept Brazil
Requerimento – required to read to Indians before taking over
Class: Peninsulares – govt officials; Creoles – landowners (haciendas)
Mestizo – mix of Spanish and Indian blood
Daily life shaped by Franciscan friars
De las Casas – documented treatment of Indians / most died from disease
Millennium- Exploration
The French
1564 - French Huguenots est.
Fort Caroline in Florida
Friendly Indians helped but
French reduced to starvation
Why?
1565 - French relief arrived with
men & supplies
Spanish felt French fort was
threat
The French
Spanish expedition under command of Menendez de Aviles arrived in Florida
1565
 Stonecutters, carpenters, blacksmiths, smelters, weavers, tanners, coopers,
bakers, brewers, barbers, arms-makers, and even notary
 Half of soldiers were also farmers
 26 Families
The French
Spanish expedition founded St.
Augustine (40 miles south of Fort
Caroline)
French and Spanish mounted
simultaneous attacks
Cape Canaveral massacre
“I do not do this as unto
Frenchmen but as unto
Lutherans”
The French
France was the most populous state
in Europe (16 million versus Spain with
8 and England with 5.5)
King Henry IV offered fur trade to
anyone who would finance it
Company of New France founded
(10% to Crown)
The French
Samuel de Champlain – “Father of New France”
 Established failed settlements in Nova Scotia
 Many settlers lost to scurvy
 Established colony at Quebec
 Search for Northwest Passage – discovered Great Lakes and Mississippi River
 Allied with Ottawa Indians against Iroquois
 Established exchange program between Indians and French
The French
Why the French colony remained small
 French emphasis on trade not settlement
 France lacked middle class
 Canada not an attractive destination
 Immigration encouraged through salaries, cash for babies, women (city
women not country girls)
 No cash crop emerged
The French
Fur trade damaged environment
Alcohol damaged Indian culture
Jesuit missionaries (Black Robes) not
popular – unwilling to adapt to Indian
ways
All settlers Catholic – foreigners and
Huguenots not welcome
Caribbean colonies more lucrative –
Canada a side show
The French
Huguenots – French Protestants (Calvinists)
Settled Florida – Fort Caroline – opposed by Spanish at Saint Augustine
New France founded in Quebec – take advantage of fur trade
“Father of New France”- Samuel de Champlain
Explored Great Lakes / Mississippi – looking for “Northwest Passage”
Colony small – emphasis on trade – little incentive to settle
French good relationship with Indians
Fur trade damaged environment – Alcohol damaged Indian culture
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The Dutch
Dutch East India Company – Henry Hudson
and Northwest Passage
1624 – Manhattan – 30 family settlement
Settlement lasted only 40 years
Goals of Dutch
 Fur trade
 Fort Orange (Albany) – receive goods
 Manhattan – ship goods
The Dutch
The Dutch colony
Dutch were scrupulous in land deals with Indians
Patroonship – man who recruited 50 settlers received large lots of
land
Indian wars under Governor William Kieft caused whites to leave
colony
Governor Peter Stuyvesant ended wars – attempted to end gun
trade with Indians
The Dutch
New Netherlands did not grow due to emphasis on trade versus
settlement
New Amsterdam was hodge-podge of nationalities, religions, and
languages
Jews arrived 1654 but left due to anti-Semitic policies of
Stuyvesant
New Amsterdam captured by four British warships – became
property of the Duke of York (king’s brother)
Albany remained Dutch
The Dutch
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Explored by Henry Hudson; searching for Northwest Passage
New Netherlands – focus on fur trade; port of New Amsterdam (Manhattan)
Diverse settlement – religious toleration
Settlement encouraged through Patroonship – award of land if recruit 50 or
more settlers
Initial relationship w/Indians good – later Indian wars
Trade wars w/Britain – New Netherlands seized by British and renamed New
York; colony still retained Dutch influences
Cultural Differences
Religious differences – “heathens” versus
Christians
European materialism versus Indian nonmaterialism
Political leadership – kings versus chiefs
Indian communal lands versus European
farms
Differences in warfare – goals and tactics
Cultural Differences
Concept of land ownership & use; ownership versus communal use
Religion – “heathens;” contempt for non-Christianity
Political leadership – power of chiefs misunderstood
European materialism versus India non-materialism
Biggest difference was in warfare
- Indian war to right wrongs / show courage; seasonal
- European war to destroy enemies seize land/goods; no restrictions
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Quiz
1. According to current theory, how were the Americas
populated?
2. What was arguably the most significant Indian civilization
in North America?
3. How did Indians trace their ancestry?
4. What type of religion did the Indians follow?
5. Where agriculture was used, who provided the farm labor?
6. What drove European exploration? List two reasons
7. What two things did Prince Henry accomplish?
8. What treaty split the world between Spain & Portugal?
9. What was the Requerimento?
10. What class represented most of the wealthy property
owners in New Spain?
11. What were haciendas?
12. What were the mixed-blood children of Spanish settlers
and Indians called?
13. Who shaped the daily life of a Spanish colonial town?
14. What was Bartolome de Las Casas noted for?
15. Where was the first French presence in the New World?
16. How did the Spanish react to the French encroachment?
17. Where was the first official French colony, New France,
established?
18. What was the principal reason for the colony?
19. Who is considered the “father” of New France?
20. What provided much of the impetus for French
exploration in the West?
21. List three reasons the French colony remained small
22. What was the principal goal behind the Dutch settlement?
23. What was the principal Dutch settlement in New
Netherlands?
24. What was a Patroon?
25. How did New Amsterdam become New York?
26. How did Europeans misunderstand Indian political
power?
27. How did Europeans and Indians view the land?
28. What was the most significant cultural difference between
Europeans and Indians?
29. What is “Liebig’s Law”?
30. What most impacted Indian population numbers?
31. How did Europeans and Indians differ in the ways they
dealt with winter food shortages?
32. What was a major reason Indians looked down on
European men?
33. Who was most likely to reject the notion that Indians were
children of nature and free from the corruption of civilization?