Transcript Pre-Columbian Civilizations and European Settlement

Aim #1: What were the major patterns of
Native American life in North America before
the Europeans arrived?
Do now! Read de las Casas’ Brief Account of the Destruction of the
Indies” and de Sepulveda’s Concerning the Just Causes of War
Against the Indians” and answer questions on handout
Main Ideas
*Native Populations of North America
*Columbian Exchange & its Consequences
*Clashing Worldviews: Early Interactions of Indians, Africans, and
Europeans
Bering Sea Land Bridge Migration
Two General Views of Indians by Europeans
• noble “savages” that were respectful of their
environment.
• dishonest, manipulative, and totally willing to
drastically alter the physical landscape.
Why Two Views?
Paintings of 16th Century Indians were created by European artists who ascribed to the
Greek school of art.
1. What are the similarities between these paintings of Indians and Europeans?
2. What is the likelihood that our view of Native Americans today is biased because the
primary documents we use to research Indians were created by Europeans?
3. If we view the Native Americans through the lens of the Europeans, how will that color
our view of Native Americans?
Why Two Views?
Dude, Indians are innocent and
noble.
Umm…no.
These two guys
were the ones who
came up with the
different views of
Native Americans.
De Las Casas
Sepulveda
The Black Legend
The Black Legend is a style of
historical writing or propaganda that
demonizes the Spanish Empire, its
people and its culture.
De Las Casas
From what we discussed last week, what do we know about how Native
American tribes adapted to their environment?
?
The Americas…
One example is the Iroquois
Confederacy.
Five Indian nations created a military
alliance and promised to help each
other in order to defeat their enemies.
The Confederacy remained strong until
the American Revolution in 1776!
Native Culture and Lifestyle
Nomadic OR Sedentary
► Gender Roles
 Women shared in labor except hunting
► Animism: the worldview that non-human
entities—such as animals, plants, and
inanimate objects—possess a spiritual
essence
►
►
Eastern Woodlands



Hunting and Agriculture (fur, corn,
beans, squash)
Hopewell
Iroquois
►

►
Hunting (buffalo)
Sioux
Southwest




Hunting and Agriculture
Great Plains


►
Algonquian
Mississippian

►
Agriculture (corn)
Anasazi/Pueblo
Stone and adobe structures
Pacific Northwest


Hunting and fishing (salmon)
Cedar forests

Cahokia, c. 1100 CE (future St. Louis, Cinncinnati)
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Cayugas,
Senecas
Totem poles
Great Serpent Mount - Ohio
Great Plains native lifestyle
Totem poles – Pacific Northwest
Cliff Palace – Colorado
Kincaid - Illinois
BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS AND
EUROPEANS..HOW THEY VIEWED LAND OWNERSHIP
Native Americans
Europeans
•Did not treat the land like they owned
it because the concept of ownership
was foreign
•Instead of trying to change the land to
make it most conducive to their
lifestyle, they changed their lifestyles in
accordance with their geography.
•Humans had dominion over earth
•Change the land to suit them
“You think you own whatever land you land on
The Earth is just a dead thing you can claim
But I know every rock and tree and creature
Has a life, has a spirit, has a name “
The Americas…
Mayan Empire
Aztec Empire
Another example were the Aztec,
Mayan, and Incan Empires. They
waged large-scale wars, created
alliances, and greatly altered the
environmental landscape.
European Colonization
God
► Glory
► Gold
► Spain
►
 Christopher Columbus (1492)
►
France
 Jacques Cartier (1534)
►
Dutch
 Henry Hudson (1609)
►
England
 Charter Colonies, Proprietary
Colonies, Royal Colonies
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly
discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean
would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line
would belong to Portugal.
European Colonies
DEBATE: COLUMBUS: HERO OR VILLIAN?
Directions: Complete your assigned reading and be ready
to defend your side tomorrow 
Columbian Exchange
The Collision of Cultures Begins
• Encomiendas!!
– The large-scale plantations that used Indians as slave labor
in the Caribbean and South America were called
encomiendas.
– Encomiendas were supposed to convert the Indians to
Christianity.
– In return for saving their souls from Hell the Indians were
supposed to work for the Spaniards.
WE WILL NOW COMPLETE THE
“COLONIAL DOMINATION” MURAL
QUESTIONS BY ANALYZING THE
MURAL ITSELF IN GROUPS
KEY #1
KEY #2
KEY #3
KEY #4
The Spanish in America
► Royal
Colonies
 Viceroys
► Relations
with Natives
 Catholic Conversion and
Missions
 Pueblo Revolt (1680)
► Labor
 Encomienda System
 Asiento System
► Spanish
Caste System
The Spanish in America
The Vallodilid Controversy (1550-1551)
►
Juan Gines de Sepulveda
 Concerning the Just Cause of the War Against the Indians
(1547)
 “Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of
their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them,
those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be
ruled thus.”
►
Bartoleme de las Casas
 The New Laws (1542)
 A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1552)
 “The Indians are our brothers, and Christ has given his life for
them. Why, then, do we persecute them with such inhuman
savagery?... They will embrace the teaching of the Gospel, as
well I know, for they are not stupid or barbarous but have a
native sincerity and are simple, moderate, and meek.... Once
they have embraced it, it is marvelous with what piety,
eagerness, faith, and charity they obey Christ's precepts and
venerate the sacraments. For they are docile and clever, and
in their diligence and gifts of nature, they excel most peoples
of the known world.”
The French in America
► Royal
Colonies
► Jesuits and Catholic
Conversion
► Fur Trade
► Native Relations
 Trade Networks
 Alliances
 Intermarriage
The English in America
► Charters
and JointStock Companies
► Population Growth
 Indentured Servants
► Native
Relations
 Early Native Assistance
 Animosity and Exclusion
► Anglo-Powhatan
Wars
► Pequot Wars (1636-1638)
► King Philip’s War (16751678)
Smallpox and Natives
c. 1575-1580
Smallpox