Transcript Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

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A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492
Earlier Explorations
1. Islam & the Spice Trade  Silk
Road
2. New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo,
1271
Expansion becomes a state
enterprise  monarchs had the
authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
Motives for European
Exploration
1. Crusades  by-pass intermediaries
to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
THE THREE G’S of
Exploration
• GOLD
• GLORY
• GOD
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
[Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons and Technology
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
First Encounter
• 1492 Columbus sailed ocean
blue.
• Looking for India, he landed
in West Indies in Caribbean.
• Raped & pillaged
• Took all resources to Spain.
• Spanish soldiers
• Came to conquer!
• Accompanied by members of
the Catholic Church to
convert Native Americans
Were Conquistadors motivated by
Gold, Glory, or God? Explain your
choice.
T he First Spanish Conquests:
T he Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma
Tenochtitlan
•
•
•
•
Capital of the Aztec Empire
Hernando Cortes finds it in 1520’s
Montezuma thinks Cortes is a God and gives him gold
Cortes – 600 soldiers
Aztecs – 150,000 –
300,000 people….How did they lose?
T he Death of Montezuma
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
GERMS!
• Europeans brought
smallpox,
tuberculosis and
measles
• Unintentional
• Natives had no
resistance
• Millions died
– 80% of the Native
population
SMALL POX
T he First Spanish Conquests:
T he Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
Spanish Pattern of Conquest
• Step 1: Live among the people
• Step 2: Impose upon them your
culture
• Step 3: Marry their women
• Step 4: Force your religion on them
• Step 5: Make them work for you
(Ecomienda)
• Ecomienda was eventually abolished
by Spanish Government in 1542.
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
T he Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
(Spanish Born)
Mestizos
(Mix of
Spanish/Indian)
Native Indians
Creoles
(White Person
born in New
World – Spanish
Descent)
Mulattos
(Mix of
Spanish and
Black)
Black Slaves
European Empires in the Americas
Juan Ponce de Leon goes to
Florida
Spain in America
• Fighting Indians, lack of food,
resources, and money force Spain to
leave Florida in 1562.
• Within months France comes to FL
• Spain comes back – forces France out
– est. St. Augustine in 1565
• Build Christian Missions and forts in
the Southwest
• Est. presidios in Southwest and force
Native Americans to congregacions
If Spain had never explored the
New World…
• 1
• 2
• 3
• Explain why it is
important to study the
Spanish Conquest of
the New World
• 1st Colonial Empire
Europe Produced in
the New World
• Biggest Colonial
Empire since the fall
of Rome
• Wealthiest Colonial
Empire
• 16th Cen – Spain is
most powerful.
Bartolome de las Casas – First
Defender of Native Americans
•
•
Rushed to see Columbus
when he was 9 years old
Conquistador
–
–
•
Voyaged to Americas (Haiti
and Dominican Republic)
Managed slaves and trained to
be a priest to convert Native
Americans and earned wealth
Change of Heart
–
–
–
–
1513 Cuban Massacre: Saw
Spanish massacre Native
Americans that welcomed
them
Urged people to give up Indian
Slaves and pay back money
1537 – Pope wrote Native
Americans are free humans
1542 – Charles V banned
Indian Slavery
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold
3. New products introduced across
the continents
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.