Transcript Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

Earlier Explorations
1. Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca
2. A New Player in Trade  Europe
Marco Polo, 1271
Introduce Europeans to goods of Asia
Inspired Columbus and others
Expansion becomes something run by
the state  monarchs had the authority
& the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the
Ming “Treasure Fleet”
Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’
long and 160’ wide!
1371-1435
A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492
Why did the Europeans
Explore?
1. Crusades  want to get around the
Muslims for direct trade
2. Renaissance  curious about other
lands and people
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs want new ways to make
money
5. New Technology
6. Fame and fortune
New Technologies
Better Maps
[Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
Caravel: new boat
that was much
lighter and could
sail further and
faster
Portugal Sets Sail
Prince Henry, the
Navigator
School for Navigation,
1419
In search of:
Sailing into the
Atlantic
Spreading
Christianity
Arrived: Down the coast
of West Africa
Vasco de Gama
Sailed in 1498
Established a
trade city,
Calicut
First to find a
sea route to
Asia
Opened a
profitable trade
Zheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calicut,
China’s favorite port!
Ferdinand Magellan
• What does circumnavigate mean??
• His trip creates a much more detailed
picture of Earth.
England Explores...
Sir Francis Drake
• 2nd in command
of the English
fleet against the
Spanish Armada
in 1588.
• 2nd to
circumnavigate
the world from
1577-1580
Henry Hudson
• Explored the region
around modern New
York area while
looking for a western
route to Asia
• Explored the river
which was eventually
named for him
• Laid the foundation of
Dutch colonization of
the region
France Explores
Samuel de Champlain
• “The Father of New France”
• Began exploring North
America in 1603
• 1604-1607 he participated in
the exploration and
settlement of the first
permanent settlement north
of Florida
• 1608 established French
settlement of Quebec City
• Great Lakes
Rene La Salle
• Sent to travel south from
Canada and down the
Mississippi River to the
Gulf of Mexico
• First to travel the length of
the Mississippi
• Explored and established
fur trade routes along the
river
Italy Starts Exploring
Amerigo Vespucci
• 1501
• Searching for new
continents
• Explored enough of
South America’s coast
to deem it a new
continent
• Mapmakers began to
call the continents by a
variation of his first
name---America.
Giovanni da Verrazzano
• Explored the Atlantic
coast of North
America between the
Carolinas and
Newfoundland
• New York Harbor and
Narragansett Bay in
1524
Spain Explores…
Christopher Columbus
[1451-1506]
Christopher Columbus
• Years: 1492
• Searching for: a route to China
• Arrived: in current day Bahamas
(then Haiti and DR)
• Found: NOT AMERICA!!
• He opened up the door of
exploration
Columbus’ Four Voyages
What Island
did Columbus
and his men
continue to
visit??
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• Crossed the Isthmus of
Panama to the Pacific
Ocean in 1513
• First European to lead
an expedition to have
seen or reached the
Pacific in the New
World
• Founded the settlement
in present-day Panama
in 1510
Juan Ponce de Leon
• Became the first
Governor of Puerto
Rico by appointment
of the Spanish crown
• Led the first European
expedition to Florida,
which he named
• Associated with the
legend of the
Fountain of Youth
Vasquez de Coronado
• Visited New Mexico
and other parts of
what are now the
southwestern US
between 1540-1542
• Hoped to conquer
the mythical Seven
Cities of Gold
Francisco Pizarro
• 1513
accompanied de
Balboa in
crossing the
Isthmus of
Panama to the
Pacific Ocean.
• Conquered the
Inca Empire in
Peru
Who else is roamin’
around the world?
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Hernan Cortez
Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to
Cortez
The First Spanish
Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro
Atahualpa
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Treasures
from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1. Slavery existed in Africa before the
Europeans came, but it was very
different
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves
with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boat of African slaves brought by the
Spanish in 1518.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
European Empires in the Americas
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World
• Encomienda (forced labor)
• Spanish crown granted a person a
specified number of natives
• Goal: protect the natives from warring
tribes, teach them Spanish, and teach
them to be Catholic and in return they
made the natives work.
• Many natives were forced to do hard
labor and subjected to extreme
punishment and death if they resisted.
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World
Viceroy (Spanish America) governor who
oversaw each large province
New Spain, New Castile, New Granada,
and La Plata
Ruled as representatives of the king with
advice from a council… all of the officials
were appointed from Spain so the crown
maintained control
Colonial system did not always work
well… the viceroys knew the issues more
than the Spanish crown did and eventually
learned to obey laws but ignore unpopular
royal orders
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World
• Papal agreement: the Catholic monarchs of
Spain were given extensive rights over affairs in
the Americas
– nominate church officials, build churches, collect fees,
and supervise the various religious orders that
conducted missionary activities.
• Catholic monks: success converting and
baptizing hundreds of thousands of Indians in
early years of the conquest.
• Missionaries came to establish diocese, parishes,
schools, and hospitals – all building blocks of
European society
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
• Building schools convents, and
universities allowed them to
establish a strong presence
• Built in 1541 with adobe and a
thatched roof,
Spanish Mission
• Served as bases for both
administering colonies as
well as spreading
Christianity
• Established as the
Spanish expanded into
the Americas
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
• Agreed upon by the Spanish and the Portuguese
to clear up confusion on newly claimed land in
the New World.
• May 4, 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a decree
which established an imaginary line running
north and south through the mid-Atlantic, 100
leagues (480 km) from the Cape Verde islands.
• Spain would have possession of any unclaimed
territories to the west of the line and Portugal
would have possession of any unclaimed
territory to the east of the line.
• The Portuguese grew dissatisfied with the
agreement when they realized how much more
land Spain had been given.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542
New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and
wealth to dominate trade in the
Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its
holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the
Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver,
into Europe created an inflationary
economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the
continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of World Trade