Transcript NO PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE

WORLD AND RIZAL
SPAIN
Latin America
American Civil War: Negro Slavery
America: re-opened Japan (after 214)
Napoleon III & France : Mexico
Central America
Continued: Cuba, Puerto Rico,
Philippines
COLONIAL POWER OF SPAIN:
Italy vs Austrians & France
Germans vs. France
England: world’s leading imperialist power
Hong Kong, India, Burma, Australia, New Zealand,
Singapore, Egypt, Malaysia, etc.
Germany vs Spain
Pope Leo XIII
•INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL
ADMINISTRATION
•CORRUPT OFFICIALS (Gov.
Generals)
• NO PHILIPPINE
REPRESENTATION IN THE
SPANISH CORTES
•HUMAN RIGHTS ARE DENIED
•NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
•MALADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE
•RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
•FRAILOCRACY
•FORCED LABOR
•HACIENDAS OWNED BY THE
FRIARS
•GUARDIA CIVIL
Hong Kong, India, Burma, Australia, New Zealand,
Singapore, Egypt, Malaysia, etc.
 CHURCH
 “Enlightened”
 Authority: Education
 Knowledge as Power
 Consultant of the
King
INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL
ADMINISTRATION
2)
CORRUPT OFFICIALS
3)
NO PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE
SPANISH CORTES
4)
HUMAN RIGHTS ARE DENIED
5)
NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
6)
MALADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
7)
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
8)
FRAILOCRACY
9)
FORCED LABOR
10) HACIENDAS OWNED BY THE FRIARS
11) GUARDIA CIVIL
1)
 INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
 struggles between the forces of despotism (single entity
rules with absolute power/ one power/ one master)and
liberalism
 BRIBERY
 NEPOTISM
 CORRUPT OFFICIALS (Gov.




Generals)
Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo
Gen. Fernando Primo de
Rivera
Gen. Valeriano Weyler
Gen. Camilo de Polavieja
 penniless Spaniards came to the Philippines
 Immediate appointment to higher offices:
skin color
 They were either relatives or protégés of
civil officials and friars.
 They became rich by illegal means or by
marrying the heiresses of rich Filipino
families.
 Spain granted locals from their
colonies representation in the
Cortes, thus Spanish parliament
government. (functions:
representation, legislation,
hearings or inquiries)
 To win the support of her overseas
colonies during the Napoleonic
Invasion
 the Philippine conditions
worsened because:

there was no means by which the
Filipino people could expose the
anomalies perpetrated by the colonial
officials.
 Result: Propaganda Movement
that led to Philippine Revolution
 Result of no
Philippine
representation in
the Spanish Cortes
 Freedom for
Filipinos was denied
 Missionaries:
 “All men, irrespective of color
and race, are equal before
God.”
 Brown-skinned Filipinos
are inferior beings: subjects
to be exploited
 Brown Filipinos and white
Spaniards may be equal
before God, but not before
the law and certainly not in
practice.
 Justice was costly, partial, and
slow.
 Poor Filipinos had no access to
the courts because they could
not afford the heavy expenses of
litigation.
 Wealth, social, prestige, and
color of skin were
preponderant factors in
winning a case in court.
 Justice delayed is justice
denied: Juan de la Cruz (18861898) – 12 yrs
 brown-skinned and flat-
nosed Filipinos as:

“INDIOS” (Indians)
 Spaniards as:

“BANGUS” (Milkfish)
 A Spaniard, no matter how
stupid he was, always
enjoyed political and social
prestige and superiority.
 Fr. Jose Burgos:
 complained the Spanish
misconception that a
man’s merit depended on
the pigment of his skin
 union of Church and State
 “government of friars”
 tremendous political power,
influence, and riches.
 Condemn a filipino
filibustero (traitor)
 Autonomy of education
 portrayed by Rizal in his novels
as Padre Damaso and Padre
Salvi

“POLO:”


“Falla:”


forced labor imposed on Filipinos in
the construction of infrastructures
and public works
sum of money paid to government
to be exempted from the polo.
ABUSES:
 FIRST: Spanish residents, contrary
to law,
 were not recruited for “polo”
 SECOND: Laborers received only
 a part of their supposed
original stipend.
 Worse, they got nothing.
(Gratis)
 THIRD: this caused inconvenience
and suffering because :
 common laborers are
disturbed from their work in
farms, shops,
 far from homes and towns.
 The rural folks became:

tenants.
 loss of their lands which belonged
to their ancestors since preSpanish times
 FRIARS obtained royal titles of
ownership from:
the Spanish Crown.
 Rizal and agrarian reforms --Retaliation:
 rentals are raised
 “INDOLENCE (lack of concern)
OF FILIPINOS”:
Deceptions made by friars making
the local folks believe that plantations
are prospering because they were
under their care.

Constable:
 “Law Enforcement”
(to serve and to
protect)

Supposed to maintain
peace and order in the
society


They don’t observe their
duty: maltreating
innocent people, looting
their livelihoods, raping
women
Rizal directed his stinging
satire against the hatred
Guardia Civil,
through Elias in Noli Me
Tangere.