Transcript Topic #11_New Global Connections Lessons 1

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Search for spices began the fueling the of
European exploration – cloves, cinnamon, and
pepper – used for a variety of purposes
Europeans traded with Asian countries during
Renaissance & Crusades
Moluccas – island chain in present day
Indonesia, chief source of the spices
Prices of spices increased through a variety of
suppliers
European traders wanted to bypass Muslim
and Italian traders – to decrease prices
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Cartographers – mapmakers, made more
accurate maps and sea charts
Astrolabe – instrument used to determine
latitude at sea
New ships like caravels (ships with square
and triangular sails) made shipping easier
and quicker
Cannons added to ships for better protection
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From Portugal, Henry looked to open exploration
into Africa to convert ppls to Christianity and
obtain gold
Thought he could bypass Mediterranean, by
sailing around Africa to get to Asia
Opened an exploration school called Sagres
Trading post established all along West coast of
Africa
1488 – Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern
tip of Africa
“Cape of Good Hope”
Mombasa & Malindi – become hubs of
international trade
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Portugal would become a world power by
creating a vast trading empire throughout the
Indian Ocean
1502 – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer
and trader, forced a treaty with rule of
Calicut, rich Indian trade city
Seized outposts around the Indian Ocean
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Why did European countries begin their
involvement in exploration?
What did Columbus believe he could find with
his exploration? Why is this a good thing for
Spain?
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Grew up in Italy, but studied exploration in
Portugal
Columbus believed that he could sail around
the globe to reach India and Asia instead of
going south by the Southern tip of Africa
Portugal refused to finance the trip for
Columbus for different reasons
Columbus moves to Spain, convinces King
Ferdinand & Queen Isabella to finance his trip
Why would they be convinced you think?
God, Glory, gold
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August 1492 – 3
ships, Nina, Pinta,
Santa Maria
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October 12 –
reached small
island in the
Caribbean's
Sailed throughout
area, returned to
Spain in January of
1493
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Italian explorer
Used Columbus’ maps &
charts as a guideline
His trips made him
convinced that the lands
were not part of Asia at
all
“a new world…more
densely peopled and full
of animals than our
Europe or Asia or Africa”
German map maker
labels region “land of
Amerigo” – later
shortened to “America”
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September 1519 –
Portuguese explorer sets
out to find AtlanticPacific Passage
Strait – narrow passage
that connects two large
bodies of water
Magellan dies in 1521 on
route to the East Indies
across the Pacific
Circumnavigate –sail
around, survivors of his 3
year journey were the
first to do this
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By 1600’s, may European countries had
footholds on coast of West Africa – to protect
trade routes
Cape Town – first permanent European settle
in Africa, settled by the Dutch, settled by
Dutch farmed called Boers
1788 – British established the African
Association – organization that sponsored
explorers to Africa
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Formed by a group of wealthy merchants
Different because the company had full
sovereign powers – independent from Dutch
government
Captured several trading posts from the
Portuguese like Malacca in 1641
Spain captures the Philippines after Magellan
claimed the land for Spain in 1521 –
remained after Spanish king Philip II
Key to Spanish trade network with China &
Mexico/South America
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Many European countries formed trade
businesses in Indian and organized armies
made of Indian troops call sepoys
The British East India Company used army of
British troops to drive off the French in India
and force Mughal emperor to recognize the
company’s right to collect taxes
British come to dominate most of the wealth
of India by late 1700’s
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1492 – Columbus sails to what he believes to be
India, arrives in Caribbean (West Indies)
Columbus sails west to try to find an alternative
route to India
First encountered the Taino people
Amicable relationship at first, turns bad once
Taino people do not pay respects to Christian
symbols
Columbus kills several while taking many back to
Spain as slaves
Conquistadors – Spanish for conqueror, seized
gold and land from the natives and forced
Christianity upon them
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Outnumbered in people, but superior in
technology
Guns/cannons much better than bow/arrow
European armor for protection
Horses – native to Spain, useful in battle as help
and fear tactic
Various diseases spread through the Native
Americans due to the natives having no immune
system built up to withstand smallpox, measles,
and influenza
Immunity – resistance
90 percent decline in Native American population
in the Caribbean by 1500s
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Earliest conquistadors,
Hernan Cortes, decided to
lead an expedition into
Mexico in search of
Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan – capital of the
Aztec Empire
Malinche – young Indian
woman, spoke both
languages of Aztec and
Mayan people
Alliances made with the
enemies of the Aztecs to
help fight for Cortes
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Cortes and other Spanish viewed as gods by
many due to their horses, guns, and armor
Moctezuma – Aztec emperor, terrified that
Cortes was the Aztec god-king Quetzalcoatl
Moctezuma sent gifts of gold, turquoise,
feathers, and other things to Cortes urging
him not to come to the city
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Spanish welcomed into the city by Aztecs
Spanish tried to convert Aztecs to Christianity,
wanted more luxurious gifts, and imprisoned
Montezuma in order to control more of the city
Montezuma signs land over to Cortes, shortly
afterwards, new conquistadors attack causing
panic and the natives killing the Spanish and
driving them out of the city, Montezuma dies
Cortes retreats but attacks again in 1521,
demolishing Tenochtitlan to the ground, Mexico
city built on ruins of the city
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Spanish conquistador
who wanted Peru’s Inca
Empire, said to have
more riches than Aztecs
Peru/Incan Empire, just
getting off of a civil war
Atahualpa, Incan ruler,
denies to convert to
Christianity or become
Spanish Vassal
Captured and killed him
even after Incan people
paid for the ransom
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Thousands are killed
throughout the Incan
empire
Guns, horses, and
most importantly
disease were the
superior advantages
for the Spanish
Spain controlled most
of South American
adding to its Empire
Maccu Picchu
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What do you think would be some of the
effects of Spanish colonization of central and
South America?
What is the significance of Hernan Cortes?
What city is built on the ruins of
Tenochtitlan?
How do you think the Spanish will govern
their new colonies in the New World?
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Due to superior weaponry, horses, and immunity
to disease, Native Americans were easily
conquered by the Spanish conquistadors
Spain became the greatest power in Europe due
to new wealth coming into the country from the
South American conquest – gold especially
End of the world for the Native Americans
essentially, culture/way of life destroyed
Resistance remained for many, like the Maya and
the Inca
World is now connected by sea routes for trading
purposes
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To maintain control over the new vast Empire,
California to Mexico to South America
Spanish king set up the Council of the Indies
to pass laws for the new colonies
Appointed viceroys – representatives who rule
in the king’s name
Council of Indies monitored officials and
areas in order to main quality control over the
region
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Catholic church used to help the spread of
Christianity throughout the new colonies
Church authority expanded with expanding
lands
Christian missionaries enforced the new
European culture on the Natives
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Closely monitored because it is Spain’s
ultimate resource
Most valuable resources for Spain –
gold/silver
Spanish colonies could only trade with Spain
Sugar cane – introduced in West Indies,
becomes major profitable resource
Sugar cane needed large plantations with
large work force in order to be profitable
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Granted to Spanish conquistadors
The right to demand labor or tribute from the
native Americans in a particular area
Slave system used to force Natives to work on
these large plantations
Also used in sliver/gold mines
Indians used to extract ore from the shafts
deep inside the Andes mountains
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Spanish priest who
condemned the evils of
the encomienda
system
Used detailed accounts
and reports to get the
king to end the system
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Spain passed New Laws of the Indies in 1542
Laws forbade the enslavement and abuse of
the Natives
Problem is Spain is too far away to enforce
them
Natives forced to become peons – workers
forced to work for a landlord in order to pay
off debt
Debts workers could never pay off
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Las Casas urged colonists to use slaves from
Africa, as they were said to be immune from
European diseases
African slaves imported to work on huge
plantations and within a few generations,
African slaves and descendants outnumbered
the European colonists
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Cultural diffusion takes place between both
the Spanish and the Natives
◦ Spanish – learned Native styles of building, food,
and travel
◦ Natives – took European religion, learned to use the
horse
◦ Africans – gave farming knowledge, cooking styles,
and crops to the culture, while blending belief sets
of Christianity and African beliefs
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Peninsulares – top class, people born in Spain
◦ Highest positions in government and clergy
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Creoles – American-born descendants of
Spanish settlers
◦ Owned most plantations, ranches, mines –
businesses
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Mestizos – people of Native American and
European descent
Mulattoes – people of African and European
descent
Natives and Africans are lowest social class
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Mexico City became largest Spanish Speaking
city in the world by 1550
Cities were center for European government
and culture, commerce
Cities were the central hub to controlling the
colony, head of agriculture, the government,
the economy, art, and cultural diffusion
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Missionaries built Catholic universities
Univ. of Mexico est. 1551
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz – entered into the
convent at age 18 after denied entrance at
university
Devoted life to poetry and became world
famous poets to write in the Spanish
language
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Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494, Portugal claimed Brazil
in South America
Native Americans who lived in Brazil, Tupian Indians,
wiped out by disease
1530’s – Portuguese nobles who agreed to develop
the country and share profits with the king/queen
were granted land
Built churches, plantations, cities, and towns
No instant wealth from gold/silver
Major export – brazilwood, used to make a valuable
dye
Agriculture and cattle raising became main industries
in Brazil
Slave labor brought in to work plantations
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1500’s, colonies allow Spain to become
wealthiest nation/most powerful nation in the
world, Portugal a close second
Both countries strictly controlled trade in the area
Smugglers traded illegally with Portuguese and
Spanish colonists
Rise of pirate ships who went after ships from
those colonies – Dutch, English, and French in
origin
Privateers – pirate vessels that operated with the
approval of the European governments
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Global exchange of culture from the New World
to the Old World and back
Cultural diffusion on steroids
New foods from Americas improved the standard
of living for the European population
◦ Potatoes and corn could be stored easily and help feed
growing European population
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European foods introduced directly into American
way of life
◦ Wheat, grapes, cattle, pigs, goats, chicken…all unknown
until the European encounter
◦ Horses have a direct impact on Native American hunting
techniques
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New sources of food contributed to
population growth around the entire world
Columbian Exchange saw mass migration of
people from Europe to the Americas
Europeans would also settle near the coast of
Africa and Asian countries