Transcript Old Worlds, New Worlds

OLD WORLDS, NEW WORLDS, 14001600S (CH. 2)
 Eurasia
and Africa
 Spain in the Americas
 Search for North America’s Indian
Empires
 Religious Reform & Division in Europe
 England’s Entry into America
EUROPE IN THE WORLD

Chinese had the largest economy and global
reach

Impressive ocean armada for military, trade,
exploration
Middle Eastern trade routes tied the east and
west together
 Islamic empires, Ottomans, Mediterranean
region
 Europeans were divided by numerous kingdoms,
villages, rural communities

CONDITIONS
IN
EUROPE, 1400’S
Black Death, 1340’s
-Ec. & pop. growth, 1400’s
Renaissance
-15th & 16th century
Consolidate power
-Spanish reconquista
RELIGION IN EUROPE
Catholic Church
Reformation, 1510s-20s
Martin Luther
-Personal faith
-Question doctrine
Religious division
-Intolerance
-Protestants
WHY EXPLORE?
Material gain
Trade
-Spices
-Silks & furs
-Gold/slaves
Religious
Conversion
Block Islam
Political power
SUGAR AND SLAVERY
After Christian European Crusades and conquest
in the Middle East, slavery and sugar production
became attractive
 Europeans and Islamic leaders such as Saladin
crafted economic agreements to increase sugar
production, which required slaves
 By the 1400s Portugal supplied slaves for sugar
plantations off West Africa
 Expansion of slave trade and plantations led to
greater exploration, competition, and invasions
into Africa
 Massive demand for sugar in Europe

HOW THEY EXPLORED
New technology
Stronger ships
-Caravels
-Sails
Navigational tools
Astrolabe
Magnetic compass
Maps
Geography
Currents
WHO WERE THE EXPLORERS?
Bartolemeu Diaz southern Africa 1488
 Christopher Columbus, Bahamas 1492
 Vasco Da Gama, under Africa to India 1499
 John Cabot, Newfoundland 1497
 Juan Ponce de Leon, Florida 1513
 Hernan Cortes, Mexico 1519
 Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River. 1535

THINGS TO CONSIDER
Renaissance & population boom
 Technology & early science
 European competition for wealth & territory
 Rising power of Spain
 Social, political, economic hierarchies
 Patriarchy and dominance of women
 Conversion and Christianity
 Search for labor: African, Indians
 No knowledge of Indigenous Peoples

THE SPANISH
I. Christopher Columbus
II. Ferdinand & Isabella
III. Route to Asia
IV. Caribbean
V. Tainos
EXPANSION OF THE SPANISH
Reconquista
 Moors
 Cristoforo Columbus
 Isabel and Ferdinand
 Tainos
 “Indians”

THE SPANISH CONQUEST
Commonalities
Size, expansion, complexity,
Farming, tribute, classes
Aztec Empire
Montezuma
“Empire of tribute”
Tenochtitlan
Cortez & the Mexica (Aztec)
1519-1521
CONQUEST CONTINUES…
Different cultures of War
Goals/objectives
Technology
Divide and conquer
Tarascans/Tlaxcalans
Virgin Soil Epidemics
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Americas
Europe
Corn
 Beans
 Peppers
 Potatoes
 Cocoa
 Tobacco


Disease
 Horses, pigs, sheep
 Cattle
 Guns
 Weeds
 Sugar
 Coffee
SEARCH FOR INDIAN EMPIRES
Search for wealth
 Ponce de Leon, 1513
 Panfilo de Nevarez, Cabeza de Vaca, and
Esteban, 1528-1536
 Coronado, 1539

CABEZA DE VACA
FRENCH AND ENGLISH: EARLY EFFORTS
French
Huguenots
 Ribault (SC) 1562
 Jacksonville
 Pirates
 Threat to Spanish
colony in FL

British
Henry VIII & Anglican
Church
 Conquer the Irish
 1578 Gilbert’s colonial
charter to N. America
 1584 Raleigh &
Roanoke Indians
 “Virginia”
 Chesapeake, failed

CONCLUSIONS
Chinese remained a powerful empire with seafaring abilities
 Middle East trading routes
 Reconquista of the Moors and rise of Spain
 Portuguese and the growing European-African
slave trade
 Spanish conquest of Meso-America
 Spanish search for gold and wealth
 Weak French and English attempts
 Influence of Native People on east coast

SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTACT, 1600S
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Massive exchange of populations
European power
“Biological conquest”
Native resistance and adaptation
Expansion of Christianity
European accumulation of wealth