Transcript Slide 1
First Global Age: Europe to Asia • Essential Questions: – What new global patterns resulted from the European age of exploration? – How did the peoples of India, China and Japan react to western contact and trade? – The statement “God, gold and glory” has been used to describe the motives for exploration. Explain this statement and choose which of the three motives you feel had the most influence on this era. Be sure to support your position with facts. The World at the Time What made Europeans explore? • • • • • • • Money Land Religion Knowledge Fame Technology Goods Setting the stage • After the Renaissance, many people in Europe had more wealth, Art and other luxuries. • To support Absolute Monarchs, they needed more money. Technology that helped start exploration Better Maps [made by a cartographer] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant • Saw how much wealth the Middle East was making on Europe. (trade) – Silk Road – Desire to bypass the Middle East. Portugal and exploration • First country to invest a lot in exploring. • Under Absolutist rule, Portugal became very wealthy. • Portugal began exploring and settling in Africa. • Bartholomew Dias rounds the African Cape of Good Hope. European footholds • Vasco da Gama opened the door for European domination. – Rounded Cape of good Hope on 11/22/1497 – Reached India in 1498 • Alfonso Albuquerque of Portugal – Setting outposts – Conquest of the edges of India Let’s Discuss • What is the scenario that Europeans see when they finally reach Southern Asia? – Consider who is ruling, what goods are available and the social structure. – Also, think about the military might of Europeans vs. South Asia People of South Asia • Religion- Hinduism and Buddhism • Social structure was matrilineal in many cases – Society was very different than the Europeans • Goods- spices (pepper, ginger, nutmeg, etc.), silks, textiles, pottery • Military? Angkor Wat temple • Dutch Explorations and trade – Dutch East and West India Companies • These were early joint stock companies • Caravel European footholds cont. • British take India – India had been ruled by the Mughals – Robert Clive- conquered the colony – British East India trading company – British defeat French and Portugese European footholds cont. • Spain in the East. – Seizure of the Philippines in 1521 by Magellan. – Spain becomes a power not only in the east, but also in the west – Circumnavigation Ming Dynasty • Controlled China from 1368-1644 • Zheng He (1405-1433) controlled SE Asian trade. • Early trading with the Dutch and British, until the overthrow of the Ming puts the Qing in control – Europeans utilize established trade routes – What do the Chinese have that the west wants? yages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port! Japan • Japan-open to trade at first – Japan adopts guns, castles and many convert to Christianity – Then, Tokugawa Shogun gains power • Isolationist who expels all Europeans and Christians to “protect” the Japanese loration First Global Age: Europe, the Americas and Africa • Essential Questions: – What were the motivations for European explorations of Africa and the Americas and how did they impact the cultures they met? – Is there a correlation to the spread of Christianity and the exploration period? Christopher Columbus’ Voyages The World during Exploration Spain versus Portugal • Both got an early start on America • Both claimed right to America • Needed an intermediary to settle the conflict – Catholic Church? – Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) loration Conquest #1: Cortez vs. Aztecs • Cortez was ordained by the Queen of Spain to explore the Americas. • What did the Spanish want? (think of Absolutism) • What did Cortez find? Turn to page 386-387 Cortez vs. Montezuma vs. Spanish and Aztecs Mexico Surrenders to Cortez • Read “The Fall of Technoctitlan” Conquest #2: Pissarro vs. Atahualpa vs. Pissarro vs. Atahualpa • Atahualpa was leader of the Incas – Present day Peru and Chile – Capital at Cuzco • Pissarro was a Conquistador – Spanish conqueror over the natives – Held Atahualpa captive for a ransom – Kills Atahualpa after he gets the gold Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe Society in Central and South America • Rigid social structure based on your race/ethnicity. • New culture emerged- a blending of Spanish/ Portuguese culture and that of the Natives. Spanish-American Social Structure Peninsulares Mestizos Native American Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves “Mountains of Silver” “The Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin TOBACCO Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS SLAVES COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Settlement in North America • England’s 13 Colonies – Two starting places • Jamestown (1606) • Plymouth (1620) – Mayflower Compact – Purpose: Permanent settlement – Stayed along the shore Mayflower Compact "In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620." Settlement in North America • Other countries: – Dutch- New Amsterdam • Led by Henry Hudson • Main good: beaver pelts and cod – Sweden- New Sweden • Both conquered by the British New Netherland & New Sweden ns Settlement in North America • France – Purpose was to build settlements to use as a base for trade. • Ex. Montreal, Quebec, Toronto – Went inland using rivers as guide. • Furs were the main commodity Religion impact • Catholic missionaries spread throughout the western Spanish territories • Puritans and other Protestants in the east A new rise of Trade thought • Mercantilism – requires big government – Aimed at strengthening your country through more exports than imports – Bring and keep money in your country by tariffs • Capitalism- personal investment in money to make a profit – Less government is best! – “Invisible Hand” • Joint Stock Company- many people invest in a company for later profit – Each person owns a part Settlement in Africa • Remember, Portugal had started to settle and build outposts. • Outposts (Ports) to serve as resting stops in between slave and/or spice trade with the Americas and Asia. • Outposts grew into permanent settlements Slavery • Always existed in Africa. – Europeans now wanted slaves for America • Traded slaves for guns, trinkets, tools, etc. • Became known as the Triangle trade. African Tribes competed for power and captured other tribes for the slave trade… Destination of Slaves • • • • • 2.5% to Europe and Asia 41% to Caribbean Islands 15% to Spanish South America 37% to Brazil 4.5% to North America Slave Trade Society in S. Africa • Boers- Dutch for “farmer” – settled in South Africa – Protestants that lived in isolation from the World – Used slavery heavily • The Great Trek Dutch Landing in 1652 Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828) In Conclusion: • Nations of Europe: – Explored to gain wealth and fame. – They colonized to secure their spot in those areas. – Competed with each other for power and wealth. – Used the natives in America and Africa for their own gain. – Spain wanted gold; France, Portugal, Netherlands traded and Britain settled to stay permanently.