Transcript Chapter 3
1400-1800 Chapter 3 AN AGE OF EXPLORATION AND ISOLATION Christopher Columbus Chapter Objectives Identify the factors that led to European exploration Describe how Portugal established a sea route to Asia and why Identify which nations set up trading empires in the East and where those nations dominated Identify the successes of early Ming emperors in China Describe Japanese society and culture during the Tokugawa Shogunate Explain how Japan’s policies toward Europeans changed Section 1: Europeans Explore the East Driven by the desire for wealth, land, and Christian converts, Europeans began an age of exploration The Renaissance had encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity 1400 was not first time for exploration 1100- Crusaders fight Muslims for Holy Lands in Southwest Asia 1275- Marco Polo reached China “God, Glory, and Gold!” Reasons for the Exploration 1. Seek greater wealth 2. Spread Christianity 3. Technological advances Portugal led these sailing innovations Prince Henry- founded navigation school with mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains Started sailing down coast of Western Africa; set up trade ports Wanted to find sea route to Asia In order to reach Asia, had to sail around southern tip of Africa 1487- Bartolomeu Dias- 1st to round tip; battered by storm so returned home 1498- Vasco da Gama- reached port of Calicut in India; returned with spices and silk; gave Portugal direct route to India 1492- Spanish jealous so sent Christopher Columbus west to find a route to Asia across the Atlantic; landed on an island in the Caribbean Increased tension between Spain and Portugal led to Treaty of Tordesillas and Line of Demarcation Struggle for Dominance 1500-1700s England France Netherlands Portugal Spain Each country created an East India Company Wanted control of trade routes and therefore the goods and money that came with it Section 2: China Rejects European Outreach Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Hongwu- drove Mongols out of China in 1368 Became 1st Emperor of Ming Dynasty Reformed agriculture, erased traces of Mongol past, increaed China’s power and prosperity, increased rice production, improved irrigation, encouraged fish farming and the growth of cotton and sugar cane Return to Confucian moral standards; merit-based civil service Yonglo- 1398- Hongwu’s son came to power; moved royal court to Beijing and launched Chinese explorers Zheng He- led Chinese explorations Voyaged to Southeast Asia and India, Arabia, and eastern Africa Increased China’s tribute system 1433- China withdrew to isolation China’s official trade policies reflected isolation Only government could conduct foreign trade through 3 ports Kept taxes low on agriculture but high on manufacturing and trade As a result, merchants turned to smuggling to keep up with demand for Chinese silk and porcelain Qing Dynasty 1644 Manchus from Manchuria invaded China; took over Beijing Kangxi- 1661-1736 1st Emperor; reduced gov’t expenses; lowered taxes; favored arts and intellectuals Qian-long- 1736-1795; brought China to it’s greatest size and prosperity; allowed Dutch traders but they had to pay tribute; Dutch took tea to the rest of the world Population doubled to more than 300 million in 1800 Section 3: Japan limits Western Contacts In 1300s, the unity that Japan had achieved started to slip away because of fighting between shoguns 1467- civil war broke out and centralized rule ended; power slipped away from the shogun to territorial lords in hundreds of separate domains 1600- Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated rivals and became sole ruler Unified Japan until 1867 Tokugawa Society Led to stability, prosperity, and isolation Merchant classes flourished; rise of commercial centers Culture also flourished- theatre (kabuki), poetry (haiku) At first, welcomed outside merchants (Portuguese); interest in new technology and ideas (guns, clocks, tobacco) Firearms (guns, cannons) changed Japan forever; had always used swords Christian missionaries= spread the religions Closing off the Country Tokugawa Ieyasu found aspects of Christian religion troubling- thought it led to revolts; persecuted Christian converts and made everyone demonstrate faithfulness to Buddhism 1639- closed Japan’s borders from merchants and missionaries Exception- Nagasaki open to Dutch and Chinese merchants For more than 200 years, Japan remained basically closed to Europeans and continued to develop as a self-sufficient country