Transcript Exploration into China

Exploration
Exploration in the East
 By 1400s, Europeans will begin to
venture beyond their borders
 “God, Glory, and Gold”
 Advances in Technology:
 Caravel
 Astrolabe
 Magnetic compass
 Portugal: first leader in exploration and
will be first European country to establish
trading outposts along the west coast of
Africa
 Prince Henry-establishes navigation schools
 Bartholomew Dias-reaches southernmost tip
of Africa
 Vasco da Gama-Portuguese explorer who
will reach India in 1497
 Spain: Spain will begin to envy Portugal’s
wealth
 Treaty of Tordesillas: Line of Demarcation
divides the land up between Portugal and
Spain
 Dutch: by 1600s,Netherlands will become
a leading sea power due to its large fleet
of ships
 Dutch East India Company
 Spice Islands
Exploration into China
 With exploration, Europeans begin to
look for additional sources of wealth.
They will try to establish a trade
relationship with other areas in Asia such
as China
 Portuguese will arrive in China by 1514.
At this time, China was united under a
new dynasty: Ming dynasty
China under Ming Dynasty
 Ming Dynasty: Established after Emperor Hongwu drove out the
Mongols
 Hongwu focused on promoting China’s power and prosperity.
 Hongwu’s son, Yonglo will continue many of his father’s policies.
He will also have a curiousity for the outside world.
 Yonglo will launch a series of explorations before the
Europeans.
-Zheng He
 China’s tribute system: Yonglo wanted to
expand this system and will expect Europeans who
trade in China to abide by this system.
16 countries, including Korea, will send tribute
to China.
China’s Trading Policies
 1500s: Official trading policy reflected isolation, only government was
to conduct foreign trade
 Despite the trading policy, trade flourished in China. There was a high
demand by Europeans for China’s goods.
 However, despite the trade, China did not become highly industrialized
because of two main reasons:
 Commerce offended Confucian beliefs
 Economic policies favored agriculture
Forbidden City
Qing Dynasty
 Ming Dynasty will weaken due to corrupt officials and lack of
money. Manchus, people of Manchuria, will invade and establish
Qing Dynasty
 Under Qian-long, China will reach its greatest size and prosperity
 Rules of trade: paying tribute and only trading at specific ports
 Chinese will accept Dutch as trading partners
 Great Britain: wants to increase trade, but doesn’t really want to
abide by trading guidelines.
 Lord George Macartney will deliver letter from King George III to
Qian-long. This letter will ask for a trading agreement that will be
more suitable to Great Britain. Chinese will refuse to accept this
new agreement.
 China: ‘self-sufficiency’
Exploration in Japan
 Weakening of unity in Japan. Military leaders,
known as shoguns, are fighting with one
another. They will begin to lose power to the
lords that ruled different territories in Japan.
 Warring States Period
 Daimyo and Japanese feudalism
 Daimyo will try to unify Japan
once again
 Tokugawa Ieyasu will complete the unification,
he will become the shogun of Japan
 Ieyasu will establish the Tokugawa Shogunate
European Contact
 During Warring States period, Japanese
welcomed traders and missionaries.
However, this will change.
 First Europeans that Japanese
encountered were Portuguese
 Portuguese will introduce
Firearms-changes Japanese
traditions and use of sword
Conflict Emerges
 Christian Missionaries in Japan
 Persecution of Christians as an attempt
to control foreign ideas
 By 1639, we see a new trading policy in
Japan: closed country policy
 Commercial centers will be shut down
 Closed country policy will remain in effect
for next 200 years