Transcript early explorers & far east reform

EARLY EXPLORERS &
FAR EAST REFORM
EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST
• 1100 EUROPEANS BATTLED THE MUSLIMS
FOR THE HOLY LANDS.
• 1275 MARCO POLO REACHED THE COURT
OF KUBLIA KHAN IN CHINA.
• WHY DID EUROPEANS EXPLORE?
• 1. DESIRE FOR WEALTH
– SPICES & OTHER LUXURY ITEMS FROM
THE EAST BROUGHT WEALTH.
– DEMAND GREATER THAN SUPPLY.
– MUSLIMS & ITALIANS CONTROLLED
GOODS TRADED FROM THE EAST.
EASTERN TRADE ROUTES
WHY DID EUROPEANS EXPLORE?:
CONT’D
• 2. SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY.
– EUROPEANS WANTED TO SPREAD
CHRISTIANITY; BOTH CATHOLIC AND
PROTESTANT.
• 3. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES.
– CARAVEL: A NEW SHIP W/ TRIANGULAR
SAILS THAT ENABLED IT TO SAIL AGAINST
THE WIND.
– ASTROLABE: INSTRUMENT THAT TELLS
DEGREES N&S OF THE EQUATOR.
– COMPASS: INSTRUMENT THAT ALWAYS
SHOWS THE CARDINAL DIRECTION
NORTH.
•
•
CARAVEL
•
COMPASS
ASTROLABE
PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY
• PORTUGAL LEADS IN DEVELOPING AND
APPLYING SAILING INNOVATIONS.
• PORTUGUESE EXPLORE AFRICA:
– PRINCE HENRY: PORTUGUESE PRINCE
THAT STRONGLY SUPPORTED OVERSEAS
EXPLORATION.
• FOUNDED A NAVIGATION SCHOOL IN
PORTUGAL.
• PORTUGUESE SAILORS REACH ASIA:
– BARTOLOMEU DIAS: 1ST EXPLORER TO
SAIL AROUND THE TIP OF AFRICA.
– VASCO DE GAMA: 1ST EXPLORER TO
REACH THE PORT OF CALICUT.
SPANISH CLAIMS
• IN 1492 SPAIN HIRED AN ITALIAN SAILOR NAMED
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS TO FIND A DIRECT
ROUTE EAST BY SAILING WEST.
• LINE OF DEMARCATION: LINE SUGGESTED BY
POPE ALEXANDER VI TO KEEP PEACE B/N SPAIN
AND PORTUGAL.
•The pope's line ran from the arctic pole to the Antarctic
pole one-hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape
Verde Islands. Anything to the west of that line belonged
to Spain. Anything to the east, belonged to Portugal. The
exception was if any other Christian king or power
already held lands within those areas by Christmas day,
1493.
LINE OF DEMARCATION
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS: TREATY
WHERE SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AGREED
TO HONOR THE LINE OF DEMARCATION.
• CHRISTOPHER
COLUMBUS
PORTUGAL’S TRADING EMPIRE
• PORT. TOOK OVER MUSLIM TRADE IN AND
AROUND THE INDIAN OCEAN.
• GOA: PORT. TRADING CAPITAL IN INDIA.
• PORT. CONQUERS THE STRAIT OF
MALACCA, LATER KNOWN AS THE SPICE
ISLANDS.
• FERDINAND MAGELLAN: SPANISH
EXPLORER THAT SETTLED THE PHILLIPINES
FOR SPAIN; 1ST TO CIRCUMNAVIGATE THE
WORLD.
ENGLISH AND DUTCH DRIVE OUT THE
PORTUGUESE
• 1600 ENGLISH AND THE DUTCH CHALLENGE
PORTUGAL.
• DUTCH AND ENGLISH FORM EAST INDIA
COMPANIES.
• THREE POWERS OF THE EAST INDIA
COMPANY.
– 1. MINT $
– 2. MAKE TREATIES
– 3. RAISE ARMIES
• DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY DRIVES OUT
ENGLISH, THUS GIVING THE DUTCH
CONTROL OF THE SPICE ISLANDS.
CHINA REJECTS EUROPEAN OUTREACH
• MING DYNASTY(1368-1644)
– VASSALS FROM NEIGHBORING STATES
PAID TRIBUTE TO CHINA AND THEY
EXPECTED PORT. TO DO THE SAME.
– TRIBUTE: A PAYMENT BY ONE TO
ANOTHER TO ACKNOWLEDGE
SUBMISSION.
• THE RISE OF THE MING:
– HONGWU: COMMANDED THE REBEL
ARMY THAT DROVE THE MONGELS OUT
OF CHINA.
• HONGWU’S AG. REFORMS:
– 1. INCREASED RICE PRODUCTION
– 2. IMPROVED IRRIGATION
– 3. INTRO. FISH FARMING
– 4. INTRO. COMMERCIAL CROPS (COTTON,
SUGAR)
• HONGWU RESTORED CONFUCIAN MORAL
STANDARDS AND MERIT BASED CIVIL
SERVICE EXAMS.
• HONGWU BECAME A TYRANT AT THE END
OF HIS REIGN.
• YONGLO,HONGWU’S SON, WON THE
STRUGGLE FOR POWER AFTER HW DEATH.
• YONGLO LAUNCHED ZHENG HE ON
VOYAGES TO EXPLORE NEW LANDS.
VOYAGES OF ZHENG HE
• ZHENG HE: MUSLIM
ADMIRAL THAT LED
CHINESE
EXPLORATION.
• YONGLO WANTED
TO EXPRESS
CHINA’S
SUPERIORITY THRU
VOYAGES.
– 1. LARGE SHIPS
AND FLEETS
– 2. DISTRIBUTED
GIFTS.
MING RELATIONS W/ FOREIGN COUNTRIES
• TRADE POLICY:
– GOV’T ONLY TO CONDUCT FOREIGN
TRADE
– FOREIGN TRADE IN ONLY THREE PORTS
• SMUGGLING OF SILK AND PORCELAIN WAS
A MAJOR PROBLEM.
• 2 MAIN REASONS CHINA DIDN’T BECOME
INDUSTRIALIZED:
– 1. IDEA OF COMMERCE OFFENDED
CONFUCIOUS BELIEFS
– 2. CHINESE ECONOMIC POLICIES
FAVORED AG.
MING RELATIONS W/ FOREIGN
COUNTRIES
• MATTEO RICCI: ITALIAN JESUIT THAT
WAS THE FIRST CHRISTIAN
MISSIONARY TO CHINA.
QING DYNASTY
• 3 REASONS THE MING DYNASTY FELL.
– 1. INEFFECTIVE RULERS
– 2. CORRUPT OFFICIALS
– 3. GOV’T OUT OF MONEY
• MANCHUS: PEOPLE FROM MANCHURIA
THAT INVADED CHINA AND TOOK OVER THE
MING DYNASTY.
• QING DYNASTY: CHINESE NAME FOR
MANCHUS ; RULED 260 YRS.
CHINA UNDER QING DYNASTY
• MANY CHINESE REBELLED AGAINST NONCHINESE RULERS.
• GOV’T FORCED MEN TO WEAR THEIR HAIR
IN PIGTAILS TO SHOW SUBMISSION.
• 2 RULERS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO MANCHU
RULE:
– 1. KANGXI: B/C EMPOROR IN 1661 AND
RULED FOR 60 YRS.
• REDUCED GOV’T SPENDING
• LOWERED TAXES
– 2. QIAN-LONG: KANGXI’S GRANDSON
• RULED CHINA TO ITS GREATEST SIZE
AND PROSPERITY.
KANGXI
QIAN-LONG
MANCHU’S CONTINUE A POLICY OF
ISOLATION
• TO TRADE YOU HAD TO GO TO A
PARTICULAR PORT AND PAY TRIBUTE.
• DUTCH TRADED TO CHINA B/C THEY PAID
TRIBUTE AND PERFORMED KOWTOW.
• BRITISH WANTED TO TRADE W/ CHINA.
– SENT GEN. MACARTNEY W/ A LETTER
FROM GEORGE III TO QIAN-LONG.
– MACARTNEY REFUSED TO KOWTOW AND
CHINA REFUSED TO TRADE.
• POPULATION DOUBLED
• FAMILY AND THE ROLE OF WOMEN:
– CHINESE FAVORED SONS OVER
DAUGHTERS.
• ONLY SONS COULD CARRY ON VITAL
RELIGIOUS RITUALS.
• SON COULD HELP PARENTS FARM.
– MANY FEMALE INFANTS WERE KILLED
– WOMAN’S DUTIES:
• 1. WORK IN FIELDS
• 2. SUPERVISE CHILD’S ED.
• 3. MANAGE FINANCES
– 2/3 OF CHINESE WOMEN PRACTICED
FOOT BINDING.
FOOT BINDING
FOOT BINDING
JAPAN LIMITS WESTERN CONTACTS
• 1467 CIVIL WAR SHATTERED JAPAN’S
FUEDAL SYSTEM.
• LOCAL LORDS RULE:
– SENGOKU: VIOLENT PERIOD OF
WARRING STATES IN JAPAN FROM 14671568.
– DAIMYO: WARRIOR CHIEFTONS IN A NEW
JAPANESE FUEDALISM.
• NEW LEADERS RESTORE ORDER:
– ODA NOBUNAGA: AMBITIOUS DAIMYO
THAT DEFEATED HIS RIVALS AND TOOK
KYOTO.
• HE WAS NOT ABLE TO UNIFY JAPAN.
• COMMITTED SUPPUKA( SUICIDE ).
CONT’D
– TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI: NOB. BEST
GENERAL; ASSUMED LEADERSHIP AFTER
NOB. DEATH.
• TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE: UNITES JAPAN.
– TOKUGAWA IEYASU: COMPLETED
UNIFICATION OF JAPAN; MOVED CAPITAL
TO EDO;FOUNDED TOKUGAWA
SHOGUNATE.
• TOKUGAWA SOCIETY AND CULTURE:
– SOCIAL HISTORY:
• FARMERS FACED LARGE TAX BURDEN.
• JAPAN SHIFTED FROM A RURAL
SOCIETY TO AN URBAN SOCIETY.
CONT’D
– ART UNDER TOK. SHO.
• KABUKI: DRAMA IN WHICH ACTORS
PERFORMED SKITS ABOUT URBAN
LIFE.
• HAIKU: UNRHYMED JAPANESE POEM
WHERE NATURE IS LINKED TO HUMAN
NATURE.
• CONTACT B/N EUROPE AND JAPAN:
– AT FIRST, JAPAN WELCOMED
EUROPEANS, BUT EUROPEANS SHORTLY
WORE OUT THIER WELCOME.
– PORTUGUESE SAILORS BROUGHT
CLOCKS, GLASSES, TOBACCO, AND
FIREARMS TO TRADE IN JAPAN.
CONT’D
– FRANCIS XAVIER: JESUIT WHO LED THE
1ST CHRISTIAN MISSION TO JAPAN.
• THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY:
– ALL CHRISTIANS WERE PERSECUTED.
– ALL OUTSIDE TRADE WAS CUT OFF.